Chapter 4

Question 0

Intravenous Injection

Answer 0

Injection directly into vein

Most rapid
Hard to counteract

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

Process molecules of drugs are absorbed, distributed in body, metabolized and excreted

Question 2

Intraperitoneal Injection

Answer 2

Injection into peritoneal cavity
Space surrounds stomach, intestines liver etc

Most common for lab rats

Question 3

Intramuscular injection

Answer 3

Injection into a muscle

Question 4

Subcutaneous Injection

Answer 4

Injection into space beneath skin

If small amounts need to be watched

Question 5

Oral administration

Answer 5

Substance into the mouth to swallow

Most common for humans

Question 6

Sublingual Administration

Answer 6

Substance beneath the tongue

Question 7

Intrarectal Administration

Answer 7

Substance into rectum

Question 8

Inhalation

Answer 8

Vaporous substance into lungs

Question 9

Topical Administration

Answer 9

Substance directly into skin or mucous membrane

Question 10

Intracerebral injection

Answer 10

Substance directly into brain

Question 11

Intracerebroventricular administration

Answer 11

Substance into one of the cerebral ventricles

Question 12

Inactivation of a drug

Answer 12

Deactivated by enzymes
Primarily excreted by kidneys
Deactivating enzymes mostly in liver
Brain contains some enzymes

Question 13

Therapeutic Index

Answer 13

Ratio between dose producing desired effect in 50 percent of animals and produced toxic effect in 50% of animals

ED50 vs LD50

Question 14

Tolerance

Answer 14

Decrease in effectiveness of a drug administered repeatedly

Question 15

Sensitization

Answer 15

Increase in effectiveness of drug administered repeatedly

Question 16

General effects of neurotransmitters on postsynaptic membranes

Answer 16

Inhibitory, hyperpolarization (IPSP)

Excitatory, depolarization (EPSP)

Question 17

Glutamate

Answer 17

Excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 18

GABA

Answer 18

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 19

Dorsolateral Pons

Answer 19

Contain acetylcholinergic neurons playing a role in REM sleep

Question 20

Basal Forebrain

Answer 20

Contains acetylcholinergic neurons involved in activating cerebral cortex and facilitating learning, especially perceptual learning

Question 21

Medial Septum

Answer 21

Contains acetylcholinergic neurons controlling electrical rhythms of hippocampus and modulates its functions, like particular kind of memories

Question 22

Acetyl-CoA. Acetylcholine coenzyme

Answer 22

Supplies acetate for the synthesis of acetylcholine

Question 23

Choline acetyltransferase

Answer 23

Enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to choline to produce neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Question 24

Nicotinic Receptor

Answer 24

Ionotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare

Question 25

Muscarinic receptor

Answer 25

Metabotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine. Activates K+ channels with second messenger

Question 26

Botulinum Toxin

Answer 26

Acetylcholine antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons Bacteria found in improperly canned foods Botox stops facial muscular contractions

Question 27

Black widow spider venom

Answer 27

Poison produced by black widow triggering release of acetylcholine

Question 28

Catecholamine

Answer 28

Class of amines that includes neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 29

Monoamine

Answer 29

Class of amines that includes indolamines and catecholamines

Question 30

Tyrosine is a precursor for...

Answer 30

Dopamine | Norepinephrine

Question 31

Norepinephrine is created by...

Answer 31

Tyrosine turned into L-DOPAMIN by enzyme that is turned into Dopamine by enzyme that is turned into norepinephrine by enzyme

Question 32

Nigostrial system

Answer 32

In substantial nigra | Controls movement

Question 33

Mesolimbic system

Answer 33

Reinforcement, effects of drugs

Question 34

Mesocortical system

Answer 34

Short term memories, planning, problem solving

Question 35

Parkinson's

Answer 35

Tremors, rigidity of limbs, problem initiating movements Caused by degeneration of nigrat rial system

Question 36

Two main types of metabotropic dopamine receptors

Answer 36

D1 | D2

Question 37

D1 receptors

Answer 37

Exclusively postsynaptic

Question 38

D2 receptors

Answer 38

Both pre and postsynaptically in brain

Question 39

AMPT

Answer 39

Dopamine antagonist

Question 40

Reserpine

Answer 40

Dopamine antagonist

Question 41

Methylphenidate

Answer 41

Drug inhibits reuptake of dopamine

Question 42

Monoamine oxidase

Answer 42

Class of enzymes that destroy monamines: serotonin norepinephrine and dopamine

Question 43

Deprenyl

Answer 43

Drug blocks activity of Monoamine oxidase. Acts as dopamine agonist

Question 44

Chlorpromazine

Answer 44

Dopamine involved in schizophrenia: | This drug blocks dopamine

Question 45

Fusaric acid

Answer 45

Drug blocking the enzyme that turns dopamine into norepinephrine

Question 46

How's serotonin made?

Answer 46

Enzyme turns Tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan which is then turned into serotonin by an enzyme

Question 47

PCPA

Answer 47

Inhibits serotonin synthesis Serotonin antagonist

Question 48

LSD

Answer 48

Drug stimulates serotonin receptors Serotonin agonist

Question 49

NMDA receptor

Answer 49

Ionotropic glutamate receptor controlling calcium channels

Question 50

AMPA receptor

Answer 50

Controls sodium ion channels

Question 51

Kainate receptor

Answer 51

Controls sodium channel