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Chemistry > Chapter 4 (4.1-4.7) & Chapter 11 (11.1-11.6) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 (4.1-4.7) & Chapter 11 (11.1-11.6) Flashcards

1
Q

The most abundant element in earth’s crust, oceans, and atmosphere, and in the human body

A

Oxygen

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2
Q

Top 4 elements on planet earth

A

Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron

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3
Q

Top 4 elements in human body

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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4
Q

What year did Dalton come up with his atomic theory?

A

1808

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5
Q

What postulate of Dalton’s Atomic Theory corresponds with the Law of Conservation of Mass?

A

Postulate #2 & #3

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6
Q

What postulate of Dalton’s Atomic Theory corresponds with the Law of Constant Composition?

A

Postulate #4

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7
Q

What postulate of Dalton’s Atomic Theory corresponds with the Law of Conservation of Matter?

A

Postulate #5

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8
Q

Postulate #1 of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

A

All matter is composed of indivisible atoms. An atom is an extremely small particle of matter that retains its identity during chemical reactions.

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9
Q

Postulates #2 & #3 of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

A

An element is a type of matter composed of only one kind of atoms, each atom of a given kind having the same properties. (Mass is one such characteristic property), which means: all atoms of a given element are identical, and all atoms of different elements are different.

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10
Q

Postulate #4 of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

A

Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other elements to form compounds. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.

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11
Q

Postulate #5 of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

A

Atoms are indivisible in chemical processes. That is, atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions. A chemical reaction simply changes the way the atoms are grouped together.

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12
Q

Lavoisier knew of how many different elements?

A

33

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13
Q

Berzelius knew of how many different elements?

A

45

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14
Q

Mendeleev knew of how many different elements?

A

66

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15
Q

How many total elements are known today?

A

115

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16
Q

How many elements are found in nature?

A

88

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17
Q

JJ Thomson did his work in what year?

A

1897

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18
Q

JJ Thomson discovered what?

A

Electrons (negative particles)

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19
Q

JJ Thomson calculated what?

A

Electron mass to charge ratio (m/q), NOT the individual value of mass and of charge

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20
Q

JJ Thomson’s experiment

A

Cathode Ray Experiment

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21
Q

Robert Millikan did his work in what year?

A

1909

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22
Q

Robert Millikan’s experiment

A

Oil Drop Experiment

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23
Q

Robert Millikan measured what?

A

Charge on an electron

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24
Q

Robert Millikan calculated what?

A

Mass of an electron (9.109 x 10^-31 kg)

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25
Q

Ernest Rutherford did his work in what year?

A

1911

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26
Q

Ernest Rutherford’s experiment

A

Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment

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27
Q

Rutherford’s “deflecting” of the alpha particles shows what?

A

The nucleus of the atom is positively charged by positive particles, known as protons.

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28
Q

Rutherford’s “bouncing back” of the alpha particles shows what?

A

The atom has a dense center around which electrons travel, known as the nucleus. The nucleus accounts for most of the atom’s mass.

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29
Q

Rutherford’s “passing through” the gold foil of the alpha particles shows what?

A

Most of the atom is empty space, with the nucleus’s diameter being 10^-13 cm and the atom’s diameter being 10^-8 cm.

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30
Q

Ernest Rutherford’s model of the atom

A

Nuclear Model

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31
Q

Rutherford & Chadwick did their work in what year?

A

1932

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32
Q

Rutherford & Chadwick discovered what?

A

Neutron (neutral particle)

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33
Q

The proof of the neutron

A

Increased atomic mass

34
Q

The role of the neutron

A

Buffer between positive protons and negative electrons (prevents atom from collapsing on itself)

35
Q

Mass proton = ?

A

Mass neutron

36
Q

Which subatomic particle has a negligible mass (lighter than the other two)?

A

Electron

37
Q

What controls the atom’s mass?

A

Nucleus

38
Q

What determines the identity of an atom?

A

Number of protons

39
Q

What controls the chemical behavior of an atom?

A

Electron

40
Q

What has a neutral charge?

A

Neutron

41
Q

The charge proton and the charge electron have what?

A

Equal magnitude

42
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

43
Q

What is the weighted average of the masses of all the available isotopes of an element?

A

Atomic mass

44
Q

Where does the “weighting” of the atomic mass come from?

A

The element’s fractional abundance

45
Q

What is in the center of a nuclide symbol?

A

Element symbol

46
Q

What is superscript and to the left of the element symbol in a nuclide symbol?

A

Mass number (A), represents the number of proton plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus, NEVER a whole number

47
Q

What is subscript and to the left of the element symbol?

A

Atomic number (Z), represents the number of protons in the nucleus

48
Q

What are the trace elements?

A

Cr, I, Mn, Cu, Li

49
Q

What is the function of Cr?

A

Helps metabolize sugars

50
Q

What is the function of I?

A

Proper functioning of thyroid

51
Q

What is the function of Mn?

A

Maintain proper Ca level in bones

52
Q

What is the function of Cu?

A

Involved in production of red blood cells

53
Q

What is the function of Li?

A

Used for treatment of manic depression

54
Q

What does the Carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio tell?

A

If an elephant is a leaf eater or a grass eater (diet depends on habitat), and identifies sources of illegal ivory

55
Q

What does the Nitrogen-15/Nitrogen-14 ratio tell?

A

Higher for carnivores than herbivores (carnivores eat more protein via meat)

56
Q

What do strontium isotopes identify?

A

Source of logs in the Pueblo (Anasazi) dwelling in the Chaco Canyon, therefore letting us understand the building practices of the Anasazi

57
Q

The major question unanswered by Rutherford’s work

A

How the electrons are arranged in an atom nor did he discuss how the electrons moved.

58
Q

A continuous repeating change or oscillation in matter or in a physical field

A

Wave

59
Q

The distance between any tow adjacent identical points (crest or trough) or a wave

A

Wavelength

60
Q

The number of wavelengths that pass a fixed point in one second

A

Frequency

61
Q

A particle of electromagnetic energy with energy E proportional to the observed frequency of light

A

Photon

62
Q

Two characteristics that describe a wave

A

Frequency and wavelength

63
Q

Equation that relates speed, frequency, and wavelength

A

Speed (C) = λ (wavelength) x ν (frequency)

64
Q

Type of relationship that exists between frequency and wavelength

A

Inverse (indirect) - an increase in wavelength means a decrease in frequency and vice versa

65
Q

The entire electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing wavelength

A

Gamma, X-Ray, UV, Visible, Infrared, Microwave, Radar, Radio

66
Q

The visible spectrum in order of increasing wavelength

A

Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red

67
Q

What range of wavelengths (in nm) is defined as the visible spectrum?

A

400 nm (violet) to 800 nm (red)

68
Q

A spectrum that contains light of all wavelengths

A

Continuous spectrum

69
Q

A spectrum that contains and shows only specific wavelengths of light

A

Line spectrum

70
Q

Bohr’s theory is based on what atom?

A

Hydrogen

71
Q

Bohr’s model of the atom

A

Planetary model

72
Q

What idea was at the center of deBroglie’s reasoning?

A

If light exhibits particle aspects, perhaps particles of matter show characteristics of waves (undetectable waves).

73
Q

The deBroglie relation equation

A

λ = Planck’s constant/(mass*velocity)

74
Q

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

A

You cannot know the position and location of an electron simultaneously

75
Q

Who mathematically defined the probability of finding an electron in a region of space around the nucleus?

A

Schrodinger

76
Q

What is the probability of finding an electron in a region of space around the nucleus called?

A

Ψ^2

77
Q

What is Schrodinger’s wave function?

A

Ψ

78
Q

What is the speed of light (c)?

A

c = 3.0 x 10^8 m/s

79
Q

Type of relationship that exists between energy and frequency

A

Direct relationship

80
Q

Who stated that light came in particles called quanta or photons and showed that light energy could be through of a particles for certain applications?

A

Max Planck

81
Q

Niels Bohr did his work in what year?

A

1913

82
Q

Erwin Schrodinger did his work in what year?

A

1926

Chemistry (4 decks)

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