Chapter 4

Question 1

Competition

Answer 1

Multiple organisms seek the same limited resource

Question 2

Intraspecific competition

Answer 2

Members of the same species competing (More intense competition)

Question 3

Interspecific competition

Answer 3

Members of different species

Question 4

Competitive exclusion

Answer 4

The inevitable elimination from a habitat of one or two different species with identical needs/ similar resources
Driving one species to extinction

Question 5

Resource partitioning

Answer 5

Species divide the resources they use in common by specializing in different ways
Character displacement-
Leads to speciation

Question 6

Predation

Answer 6

Process by which individuals of one species: The predator, hunts, kills, and consumes individuals of another species: The Prey

Question 7

Fundamental Vs. Realized Niche

Answer 7

Fundamental: All resources they are capable of using

Realized: Much narrower - species often out-competed on certain resources, then adapt to specialize in one particular resource

Question 8

Parasitism

Answer 8

The parasite depends on another - the host - for nourishment/ does the host harm

Cowbird
Tapeworm
Lamprey

Question 9

Herbivory

Answer 9

Animals feed on the tissues of plants. Generally, they do not eat the whole plant, they don’t kill it

Plant adaptions:
Poison
Thorns
Thick membrane 
Caffeine
Cocaine 
Nicotine

Question 10

Mutualism

Answer 10

Relationship in which two or more species benefit from interacting with one another

Pollination
Seed dispersal

Species:
Mycorrhizal fungus - helps plants grow
Microbiota

Question 11

Red queen Hypothesis

Answer 11

Alice in Wonderland: Co-evolutionary arms race. have to keep running to stay in place. Have to run twice as fast to get ahead

Question 12

Community structure section

Community:

Answer 12

An assemblage of populations of organisms living in the same area at the same time

Question 13

Trophic Level

Answer 13

Ranks in the feeding hierarchy

Question 14

Producers

Answer 14

(Autotrophs) - Self feeders, 1st trophic level,

Cyanobacteria, green algae, phytoplankton

Question 15

Consumers

Answer 15

Organisms that consume producers

2nd and 3rd level consumers

Question 16

Detrivores

Answer 16

Consume nonliving organic matter
Millipedes, soil insects
Larger breakdown

Question 17

Decomposers

Answer 17

Consume nonliving organic matter
Fungi and Bacteria
Microscopic

Question 18

Trophic structure

Answer 18

1000 ---100---10---1
Tertiary consumers 
Secondary consumers 
Primary consumers 
producers

Question 19

Evolutionary Adaptations (Prey & Predator)

Answer 19

Predators:
Nocturnal vision 
Muscles - speed/strength 
claws
teeth
brains
Venom
Camo 

Prey:
Cryptic coloration
Warning colors
Mimicry

Question 20

Food web

Answer 20

Visual map of energy flow

Question 21

Food chain

Answer 21

Linear series of feeding relationships

Question 22

Ecosystem Engineer

Answer 22

Organism that modifies, creates, or destroys habitat and directly or indirectly modulates the availability of resources to other species

EX: Beaver, Wolves

Question 23

Invasive species

Answer 23

Organism that is not native to a specific location, has a tendency to spread and become a major pest, Causes damage to the environment

EX Brown tree snake on Island of Guam

Predation release: Lack of competition
Distinctive niche
Increased rep. rates

Question 24

Keystone species

Answer 24

Species that has strong or wide-reaching impacts on its environment/ecosystem

***Strong impact that is out of proportion to its abundance

Question 25

Trophic Cascade

Answer 25

when one important species is removed, the void causes a whole cascade of other interconnected issues to arise

Question 26

Community disturbance

Answer 26

An event that has rapid & drastic impacts on environmental conditions, resulting in changes to the community & ecosystem EX: A tree falls, Hurricanes, Tornadoes Primary disturbance: Volcano, glacier retreat, landslides

Question 27

Resistance

Answer 27

A community that resists change and remains stable despite a disturbance No empty niches High primary productivity

Question 28

Resilience

Answer 28

Environment changes in response to disturbance, but later returns to its original state. How well it grows back.

Question 29

Succession

Answer 29

If a disturbance is severe enough to eliminate all or most of the species in a community, the affected site may undergo predictable changes -

Question 30

Primary succession

Answer 30

Follows a severe disturbance, where no veggies remain or soil life. A new community must grow from scratch.

Question 31

Secondary succession

Answer 31

Where a disturbance dramatically alters an existing community, but does not destroy all organic matter. vestiges still remain

Question 32

Pioneer species

Answer 32

Species that arrive first and colonize new substrate

Question 33

Climax community

Answer 33

Primary/secondary succession eventually leads to a climax community until the next disturbance

Question 34

Restoration ecology

Answer 34

Research on historical conditions of ecological communities, then they devise ways to restore altered areas back to near original conditions Very expensive after the fact

Question 35

Earth's Biomes

Answer 35

A major regional complex of similar communities large-scale ecological units ``` Biome factors: Soils Precip Climate - long term averages elevation rate of fires Limiting resources ```

Question 36

Climatograph

Answer 36

Summary of precip and temp for area

Question 37

Biography

Answer 37

What's the climate what does the climate allow for what animals are present

Question 38

Temperate deciduous forest

Answer 38

``` Dominates the landscape around southern great lakes Broad-leafed trees Fertile soil Plenty of moisture Competing for light Deciduous trees loose their leaves ``` Human activities: deforestation development industry

Question 39

Temperate grasslands

Answer 39

Extreme temp. differences between winter and summer months. End of summer drought, seasonal precip is the limiting factor Grazing important - buffalo, bison, prairie dogs, and chickens, ground hogs, mustangs, hares Grass retains its meristem underneath the soil, keeps growing back ``` Human activities: Agriculture development Bread basket of US Massive aquifer drying up Horrible place to grow food ```

Question 40

Temperate Rain forest

Answer 40

Location: Seattle, Washington: Coastal pacific northwest Heavy rainfall, not enough light, moss/lichens everywhere, fertile soil, coniferous evergreens, cedar, spruce, hemlock spotted owls, grizzly bears Human activities: Logging

Question 41

Tropical rain forest

Answer 41

Year-round rain/ uniform warm temps, highest species diversity, light is limiting, dark, damp interior, lush Jaguars, frogs, monkeys, birds, plants Logging for farmland is huge

Question 42

Tropical dry forest

Answer 42

``` Dry all year round/ overall low precip India/Africa Monsoon season their is sufficient rain Then it turns extremely dry trees do well with deep roots Kangaroos, snakes ```

Question 43

Savanna

Answer 43

Tropical grassland, clusters of trees stand close to resources Dormancy of plants during dry season lions, giraffes, wildebeest

Question 44

Desert

Answer 44

Rainfall very sparse Driest biome on earth CAM plants: minimizes water loss Dry during day, moist at night Adaptations: camels - eyelids, water humps Nocturnal creatures salt pellets plants have spines, thorns, prickles, protect themselves

Question 45

Tundra

Answer 45

Very high latitudes, Russia, Canada Extremely cold winters/little daylight, summer Lichens scrubby vegetation permafrost

Question 46

Boreal forest

Answer 46

Northern Coniferous forest/taiga Black spruce, bogs, lakes Nutrient poor soil, soil is acidic Logging and oil extractions

Question 47

Chaparral

Answer 47

California evergreen shrubs, densely thicketed Mild wet winters, warm dry summer