Chapter 4

Question 1

neuron

Answer 1

a nerve cell; the basic component of the nervous system

Question 2

dendrites

Answer 2

receive neural impulses from other neurons;

neuron may have none or as many as thousands of dendrites

Question 3

axons

Answer 3

extensions from neuron’s cell body that transmit neural impulses to other neurons, structures in the CNS, or muscles; a neuron has only one axon, although most axons branch into many branches

Question 4

sensory neurons

Answer 4

afferent

nerve cells that send neural impulses to the CNS

Question 5

motor neurons

Answer 5

efferent

nerve cells that send neural impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle fibers

Question 6

interneurons

Answer 6

specialized nerve cells that originate and terminate in the brain or spinal cord; they function between axons descending from the brain and synapse on motor neurons, and between the axons from sensory nerves and the spinal nerves ascending to the brain

Question 7

cerebrum

Answer 7

a brain structure in the forebrain the consists of 2 halves, known as right and left cerebral hemispheres

Question 8

Alpha motor neurons

Answer 8

in spinal cord, axons synapse on skeletal muscles

Question 9

gamma motor neurons

Answer 9

in intrafusal fibers of skeletal muscles

Question 10

cerebral cortex

Answer 10

the undulating, wrinkly, gray-colored surface of the cerebrum; it is a thin tissue of nerve cell bodies (2-5 mm thick) called gray matter

Question 11

sensory cortex

Answer 11

cerebral cortex area located posterior to the central sulcus; it includes several specific regions that receive sentry info transmitted via the sensory nerves specific to that type of info

Question 12

4 structures that are directly involved in the control of voluntary movement

Answer 12

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem

Question 13

primary motor cortex

Answer 13

a cerebral cortex area located in the frontal lobe just anterior to the central sulcus; it contains motor neurons that send axons to specific skeletal muscles throughout the body

lower limb, trunk, upper limb, head

Question 14

pre-motor area

Answer 14

cerebral cortex are located in the frontal lobe just anterior to the primary motor cortex

Question 15

supplementary motor area (SMA)

Answer 15

a cerebral cortex area located on the medial surface of the frontal lobe adjacent to portions of the primary motor cortex

Question 16

gyrus

Answer 16

ridges, within the lobes

Question 17

sulcus

Answer 17

groove, separate the loves

Question 18

4 lobes

Answer 18

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 19

Central Sulcus

Answer 19

separates movement portion of brain (forebrain) and sensory brain (posterior)

sits behind primary motor, infant of pre-motor

Question 20

parietal lobe

Answer 20

an area of the cerebral cortex that plays an important role in the control of voluntary movement, such as the integration of movement preparation and execution processes by interacting with the premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, and SMA before and during movement

Question 21

basal ganglia

Answer 21

subcortical collection of nuclei, buried within the cerebral hemispheres;

receives info from cerebral cortex and brainstem. sends info to brainstem via thalamus & cerebral cortex

Question 22

parkinson’s disease

Answer 22

basal ganglia disorder caused by the lack of production of the neurotransmitter dopamine by the substantial nigra;

the disease is characterized by slow movements (bradykinesia), a reduced amount of movement (akinesia), tremor and muscular rigidity
(aka BART
Bradykinesia
Akinesia
rigidity
tremor)

Question 23

diencephalon

Answer 23

a component of the forebrain located between the cerebrum and the brainstem;

it contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 24

cerebellum

Answer 24

a brain structure located behind the cerebral hemispheres and attached to the brainstem; it is covered by the cerebellar cortex and is divided into 2 hemispheres;

it plays a key role in the execution of smooth and accurate movements, eye-hand coordination,

movement error correction system

involved in learning motor skills

Question 25

brainstem

Answer 25

a brain structure located directly under the cerebral hemispheres and connected to the spinal cord; it contains 3 areas that are significantly involved in motor control: the pons, medulla, and reticular formation

Question 26

primary motor cortex function

Answer 26

initiate and coordinate movements for fine motor control, postural coordination

Question 27

limbic system

Answer 27

a group of brain structures consisting of parts of the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex, the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the nerve fibers that interconnect these parts and other CNS structures; it is involved in the learning of motor skills

Question 28

Premotor Area function

Answer 28

organization of movements before they are initiated rhythmic coordination during movement control of movement based on observing another person performing a skill

Question 29

ascending tracts

Answer 29

sensory neural pathways in the spinal cord and brainstem that connect with the various sensory areas of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum

Question 30

descending tracts

Answer 30

motor neural pathways that descend from the brain through the spinal cord

Question 31

supplementary motor area function

Answer 31

sequential movements preparation and organization of movement

Question 32

motor unit

Answer 32

the alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates; it serves as the functional unit of motor control for the innervation of the muscles involved in a movement

Question 33

motor unit recruitment

Answer 33

the process of increasing the # of motor units needed to increase the number of muscle fibers active at any one time and thereby increase the amount of force the muscle can exert

Question 34

parietal lobe function

Answer 34

interacts with pre-motor cortex, primary motor cortex, and SMA before and during movement

Question 35

basal ganglia function

Answer 35

movement initiation antagonist muscles during movements force

Question 36

pons

Answer 36

involved in control of various body functions (ex chewing) and balance

Question 37

medulla

Answer 37

regulatory center for internal physiologic processes (ex breathing)

Question 38

reticular formation

Answer 38

integrator of sensory and motor info; inhibits/activates neural signals to skeletal muscles

Question 39

2 important sensory tracts for motor control

Answer 39

dorsal column anterolateral system -cross from left to right at brainstem

Question 40

spinocerebellar tract

Answer 40

primary pathway for proprioceptive information

Question 41

pyramidal tracts

Answer 41

(descending-corticospinal tracts) 60% are motor neurons most fibers cross to other side of body involved in control of fine motor skill performance

Question 42

non-pyramidnal tracts

Answer 42

(descending - brainstem pathways) fibers do not cross to other side of body involved in postural control and control of hand and finger flexion-extension

Question 43

research carson and kelso (2004)

Answer 43

Participants performed finger-flexion movement to a metronome ``` On the beat (synchronize) Between beats (syncopate) ``` Task involved exactly the same movement but two different cognitive intentions