Chapter 4

Question 1

Head and neck cancer is associated with Epidemiology. What is Epidemiology?

Answer 1

the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

Question 2

What are the risk factors of head and neck cancer?

Answer 2

was not able to get these notes. ASK SOMEONE

Question 3

What are the other factors to consider with head and neck cancer?

Answer 3

alternative tobacco

Question 4

What are alternatives to tobacco that are being used?

Answer 4

electronic cigarettes; they are regulated in the UK

they are not regulated in the US

Question 5

What has a more concentrated risk due to the nature of its use?

Answer 5

hookah
charcoal
these allow for second hand exposures
risk of infection when sharing pipes

Question 6

Examples of second hand exposure to smoke.

Answer 6

Smoke from lit end of a cigarette.

Question 7

What is 3rd hand exposure to smoke?

Answer 7

smoke particles on clothing, drapes, cars

Question 8

What is the most common virus in head and neck diseases?

Answer 8

Human Papilloma Virus 16

Question 9

How many genotypes of HPV are there?

Answer 9

100

Question 10

What does HOV6, 11, 18 infect?

Answer 10

mucosa of oral cavity and cervix, uterine, genetal tract

Question 11

A low infection of HPV causes what?

Answer 11

warts

Question 12

A high infection of HPV causes what?

Answer 12

cancer

Question 13

What is a benign tumor?

Answer 13

lacks the ability to spread

Question 14

What is a malignant tumor?

Answer 14

has ability to spread or become worse

Question 15

What does metastasize mean?

Answer 15

the point of which the cancer starts to spread to other areas of the body

Question 16

What is TNM system?

Answer 16

T= tumor size (0-4)
N= number of nodes involved (0-3)
M= present or absent of metastases (MX-M1)

Question 17

What would T2N1M1 mean?

Answer 17

Would mean the tumor is between 2-4cm, involves one lymph node, and it has metastisized or spread

Question 18

List complaints of a patient with head and neck cancer.

Answer 18

trismus
odynophagia
weight loss
dyspnea
voice change
dysphagia
neck mass
otalgia

Question 19

trismus

Answer 19

spasm of the jaw muscles, causing the mouth to remain tightly closed, typically as a symptom of tetanus.

Question 20

odynophagia

Answer 20

painful swallowing in the mouth or esophagus

Question 21

Dyspnea

Answer 21

difficult or labored breathing

Question 22

Otalgia

Answer 22

ear pain

Question 23

What can be affected because of head and neck cancer?

Answer 23

oral
oropharynx
supraglottic larynx
hypopharynx
larynx

Question 24

What is affected in the oral phase of a head and neck patient?

Answer 24

tongue
palate buccal mucosa
floor of mouth

Question 25

What part of the oropharynx is affected in a head and neck cancer patient?

Answer 25

tonsil | tongue base

Question 26

What parts of the suprglottic larynx can be affected in a head and neck cancer patient?

Answer 26

false vocal cords aryepiglottic folds epiglottis

Question 27

What parts of they hypopharynx can be affected in a head and neck cancer patient?

Answer 27

pyriform sinuses | pharyngeal wall

Question 28

What part of the larynx can be affected in a head and neck cancer patient?

Answer 28

true vocal cords | arytenoids

Question 29

What is the pathophysiology of a head and neck cancer patient?

Answer 29

``` reduced tongue/bolus control reduced tongue elevation slowed oral transit with disorganized tongue movement delayed pharyngeal swallow reduced tongue base retraction reduced pharyngeal wall contraction reduced laryngeal elevation reduced UES/PES opening reduced velopharyngeal closure reduced epiglottic inversion ```

Question 30

What are the pathopysiologies of laryngeal cancer?

Answer 30

reduced laryngeal elevation reduced glottal and laryngeal closure reduced UES or PES opening reduced pharyngeal wall contraction

Question 31

What are treatment options for head and neck cancer patients?

Answer 31

surgery - removal or resection? radiotherapy or radiation- high energy rays used to kill cancer cells chemotherapy- use drugs to kill cancer cells combination of XRT and CT clinical trials

Question 32

Describe treatment of surgery for small tumors from oral cancers.

Answer 32

small tumors on the tongue and mouth can occur and patient usually can have a resection utilizing healthy tissue on the floor of the mouth or the mandible.

Question 33

Describe treatment of surgery for large tumors from oral cancers.

Answer 33

Large tumors on tongue/mouth require larger resection

Question 34

What is a glossectomy?

Answer 34

partial or total removal of tongue

Question 35

When might they do radical neck?

Answer 35

if cancer is in the lymph nodeson one side

Question 36

Saliva glands are in the head and neck area. How many are in your neck?

Answer 36

200 of 700 are in your neck

Question 37

What happens in many resections?

Answer 37

there is not enough healthy tissue to complete closure of the surgery site so a flap or graft is done.

Question 38

What is a flap?

Answer 38

a piece of tissue that still has an artery attached to it transplanted to another part of the od.

Question 39

What is a graft?

Answer 39

a piece od tissue that....did not get the rest of this slide

Question 40

Where can tumors form in patients with laryngeal cancer?

Answer 40

supraglottic tumors form: epiglottis, false vocal folds, true vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds

Question 41

Unilateral laryngeal....

Answer 41

did not get enough information on this slide

Question 42

What kind of surgery happens on patients with laryngeal cancer?

Answer 42

supraglottic laryngectomy

Question 43

Describe a suprglottic laryngectomy.

Answer 43

Part or all of the hyoid bone and epiglottis superiorly, the aryepiglottic folds and the false vocal folds are removed.

Question 44

What is the biggest problem that happens because of a supraglottic laryngectomy?

Answer 44

getting tongue base to posterior pharyngeal wall to contact along airway with closure

Question 45

What happens when a patient gets a total laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer? TEST QUESTION

Answer 45

physical separation of the GI tract from the respiratory tract OR separation from the airway from esophogus TEST QUESTION