Chapter 4 & 5

Question 0

Define coccus

Answer 0

Spherical bacterial cell

Question 1

Define bacillus

Answer 1

Prokaryotic cell with rod shape

Question 2

Define vibrios

Answer 2

Comma shape bacteria cell

Question 3

Define spirilla

Answer 3

Helical/spiral bacterial cell

Question 4

Define prokaryote

Answer 4

No nucleus, bacteria cell

Question 5

Define eukaryotes

Answer 5

Nucleus

Question 6

What are pili?

Answer 6

Protein fibers extending from the surface used for attachment

Question 7

What are conjugation pili?

Answer 7

Pili that is used to transfer genetic between cells

Question 8

Prokaryotic flagella

Answer 8

Used for cell motility, seek nutrients, allows movement across gradient

Question 9

Glycocalyx

Answer 9

Outer layer external cell wall

Insulation, protection

Question 10

What is in the cell envelope?

Answer 10

Cell wall and cell membrane

Question 11

Gram positive bacteria

Answer 11

Thick peptide glycine cell walls containing teichoic acid, retain crystal violet stain

Question 12

Gram negative bacteria

Answer 12

Thinner 2D peptidoglycan layer, no teichoic acid

Cell wall has outer membrane | periplasmic space | cell membrane

Question 13

Nucleoid

Answer 13

Represents a subcompartment containing the chromosomes

Question 14

Plasmid

Answer 14

Molecules of DNA smaller than a chromosome. Closed loop 5-10 genes, genetic flexibility

Question 15

Ribosomes

Answer 15

Used for protein synthesis

Question 16

Inclusion bodies

Answer 16

Store nutrients for cellular structures

Question 17

Binary fission

Answer 17

B period - cell increases in mass and size
C period - DNA replicates and two strands separate
D period - synthesis of a septum forms two identical cells

Question 18

Microbial growth phases

Answer 18

1 lag phase - period of adaptation, no division
2 logarithmic phase - exponential growth, develop symptoms, binary fission
3 stationary phase - nutrients become scarce, reproduction and death rates equalize
4 decline phase - population starts to die, build up of waste products

Question 19

When does an endospore form?

Answer 19

When lacking nutrients, under stress

Question 20

Mesophiles

Answer 20

Grow 10 - 45 degrees Celsius

Question 21

Aerobic

Answer 21

With oxygen

Question 22

Anaerobic

Answer 22

Without oxygen

Question 23

Facultative

Answer 23

Insensitive to oxygen

Question 24

Optimum pH for bacteria?

Answer 24

Neutral, 7

Question 25

Acidophiles

Answer 25

Acid tolerant prokaryotes

Question 26

Halophiles

Answer 26

Salt tolerant prokaryotes

Question 27

Flow of genetic material

Answer 27

DNA - RNA - protein

Question 28

Types of RNA

Answer 28

mRNA tRNA rRNA Messenger transfer Adenine thymine cytosine guanine Urasil for thymine in tRNA

Question 29

Protein

Answer 29

Polypeptide chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

Question 30

Operon

Answer 30

Consists of regulatory gene, promoter, structural genes, and a repressor

Question 31

Negative feedback

Answer 31

Too much product serves as a repressor and turns off a gene

Question 32

Mutations

Answer 32

Heritable changes in genome Permanent changes in DNA Spontaneous of induced

Question 33

Two types of mutations

Answer 33

Physical mutations | Chemical mutations - nicotine, pesticides

Question 34

Chemical mutations

Answer 34

Chemical can substitute for NA or NB

Question 35

Categories of mutations

Answer 35

``` Point mutations - effect protein structure and function Base pair substitutions - silent mutation due to redundancy - missence mutation wrong amino acid - nonsense mutation stop codon Bass pair deduction or insertion ```