chapter 4-6

Question 0

symbolic inheritence

Answer 0

the set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit about persons, society, nature, and divinity, tha serve as a guide to life in particular culturs, expresed symbolicly through stories songs rituals and sacred objects

Question 1

culture

Answer 1

predominate beleifs about right and wrong, what is most important and how life should be lived, may include beleifs about life after death and how life was created

Question 2

interdependent self

Answer 2

a conception of the self typicly found in colectivistic cultures, in which the self is seen as defined by roles and relaitonships within the group

Question 3

independent self

Answer 3

a conceptyion of the typically found in individualistic cultures in which the self is seen as existing independently of relations with others, with an emphasis on indeoendence, individual freedoms and individual achievements

Question 4

broad socialization

Answer 4

the process by which persons in a individualistic culture come to learn individualism, including values of independence, and self expression

Question 5

narrow socialization

Answer 5

the process by which persons in a collectivistic culture come to learn collectivism, includsing values such as obedience and conformity

Question 6

heteronormous and autonomous morality

Answer 6

heteronormous morality:pigets term for the period of moral development from about age 4-7 in which moral rules are viewed as having sacred, fixed quality, handed down from figues of authority and altered only by them
Autonomous morlaity: pigets term for the period of moral development between 10-12, involving a growing realization that moral rules are social conventions tha can be changed if people decide they should be

Question 7

care orientation

Answer 7

giligans’s term for the type of moral orientation that involves focusing on relationships with others as the basis for moral reasoning

Question 8

3 key outcomes of socialization?

Answer 8

1. self-regulation or self control: the ability to comply with social norms
2. role preparation: preparing for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage
3. cultivation of sources of meaning: indicate what is important, what is to be valued and what is to be lived for

Question 9

difference in individualistic culture and collectivistic culture in socialization goals?

Answer 9

individualistic culture: priority to independence and self expression, people place strong values on individual freedoms and achievements

collectivist culture: place higher value on obedience and conformity, promote cooperation, mutual support and harmonious social relations and contributions to the group

Question 10

research on changes in cultural beliefs for 1st gen Chinese immigrants

Answer 10

even first gen immigrant adolescents values where closer to the values of the place they had moved to than those of the kids back home ,, they where in America so they where more individualist and less collectivistic than there contemporaries in hong kong, but they still believed the aging parents should live with children and children should live with parents until married

Question 11

diferences in religious beliefs- parents and ethnicity

Answer 11

religion is more common in worst neighborhoods, african americans have highest number of adolescent religious numbers, religious adolescents tend to have better relationships with parents,

Question 12

research on correlations between problem behaiviors and religious beliefs

Answer 12

in US thoes who have religion tend to be less depressed, lower raits of premarital sex, drug use and delinquent behaivior,

Question 13

Kohlbergs theory of moral development -know the three major stages

Answer 13

thinking changes over time

1. pre-conventional reasoning: self focused- avoid punishment, satisfy own needs
2. conventional reasoning: conform to social exxpectations, loyalty to others, social order, law and justice
3. post conventional reasoning:L rights and universal ethical priciples

Question 14

criticisms of Kohlbergs theory?

Answer 14

1. culture critique: colectivist cultures that are based on conformity are not likely to place value on post conventional stage
2. gender critique: study based on male subjects, but it kind of works for both anyways

Question 15

Adelsons research on political development

Answer 15

examined political development in relation to age gender and social class and IQ but only one variable that related was age, political thinking begins at 12 finished at 16
-sharp decline in support of authoritarian political sytem, and development of capacity for ideology
related to development of formal operations and abstract thinking : older kids better youger more for authoritarin gov

Question 16

Gender intensification hypothesis

Answer 16

states that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialization pressures to conform to culturaliy prescribed gender roles

Question 17

differential gender socialization

Answer 17

term for socializing males and females according to different expectations about what attitudes and behaviors are appropriate to each gender

Question 18

gender schema

Answer 18

theory in which gender is viewed as one of the fundamental ways that people organize information about the world

Question 19

gender identity

Answer 19

children’s understanding of themselves as being either male or female reached at about age 3

Question 20

masculinity

Answer 20

possession of qualities traditionally prescribed to men: protect provide procreate

Question 21

Femininity

Answer 21

qualitys associated to women: shaving legs,motherly slim slender and beutiful

Question 22

androgyny

Answer 22

a combination of male and female personality traits

Question 23

gender stereotype

Answer 23

attributing certain characteristics to people just because they are male or female , it is one part of the gender schema

Question 24

traditional roles for girls/boys

Answer 24

girls: sexuality restricted, intellectual work unhealthy, aperence important, service, work with mother, child raising, boys: sexual experience before marriage, less interaction with father, more independent, provide, protect, procreate, leadership,ruff tough man, aggressive, loose self control

Question 25

capacitys that must be demonstrated for manhood in traditional cultures:

Answer 25

protect, provide, and procreate

Question 26

gender socialization for girls and boys across history in america

Answer 26

girls: narrowly constricted in occupational roles- mostly wife and mother. should be fragile and innocent, intellectual work considered unhealthy, be atractive, men: provide and protect women, communal manhood: focus on preparing to assume adult male roles in work and marriage ; self made man: become independent; passionate manhood: enjoy your manhood loose self control,

Question 27

the role of media in perpetuating gender stereotypes

Answer 27

for girls every issue of fav magazine is packed with gender messages on how to be adolescent girl, physical aperence is ultimately important,

Question 28

problems associated with gender socialization in america

Answer 28

``` boys= agressiveness and attacking manhood by calling others wimps and stuff girls= the focus on appearance causes many phycological problems ```

Question 29

traits typically associated with masulenity/femininity expresive traits vs instrumental research from gibbons tests given to adolescents all over the world

Answer 29

gibons concluded in most cultures value man with good job and woman has to be good looking masculenity= instrumental traits like self-reliance and forcefulness, emphasizing action and acomplishment femininity: expressive traits such as gentile, yielding and emphasizing emotions and relationships ignores non gender specific traits like honesty and kindness

Question 30

research on most important traits for ideal man and woman and persistence of gender stereotypes

Answer 30

in most culture men where valued to have a good job and woman to look good refrence BEM sex role inventory on phone for this question, it is very consistent even across cultures the persistence comes from two reasons: 1. development of gender schemas 2. social roles of men and women seem to confirm our beliefs formed by schemas

Question 31

global gender issues- differences relative to education/occupation and parent preferences

Answer 31

on the whole gender roles seem to push women away from the sciences like math and science careers , women tend to earn less then men in countries outside the west women are much less in way of education and occupation opertunities and less girls in developing countries go to school

Question 32

real self

Answer 32

the persons perception of the self as it is, contrasted with the possible self

Question 33

ideal self

Answer 33

the person the adolescent would like to be

Question 34

false self

Answer 34

the self a person may present to others while realizing that it does not represent what he or she is actually thinking and feeling

Question 35

self-esteem

Answer 35

a persons overall sense of worth and well-being

Question 36

baseline self-esteem

Answer 36

a persons stable, enduring sence of worth and well-being

Question 37

barometric self-esteem

Answer 37

the fluctuating sense of self worth and well-being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of the day

Question 38

ESM- experience sampling method

Answer 38

we go and try out different faces and figure out what and who we want to be

Question 39

identity verses role confusion

Answer 39

ericsons term for the crisis typical of the adolescent stage of life, in which individuals may follow the healthy path of establishing a clear and definite sense of who they are and how they fit into the world around them, or follow the unhealthy path of falling to form a stable and secure identity

Question 40

intimacy verses isolation

Answer 40

Eriksons term for the central issue of young adulthood, in which persons face alternatives between committing themselves to another person in an intimate relationship or becoming isolated as a consequence of an inability to form an enduring intimate relationship

Question 41

psychosocial moratorium

Answer 41

Eriksons term for a period during adolescence when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try various possible selves

Question 42

negative identity

Answer 42

ERiksons term for an identity based on what a person has seen portrayed as most undesirable or dangerous

Question 43

social loneliness

Answer 43

condition that occurs when people feel they lack a sufficient number of social contacts and relationships

Question 44

emotional loneliness

Answer 44

condition that occurs when people feel that the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy

Question 45

hybrid identity

Answer 45

an identity that integrates elements of various cultures

Question 46

changes in self-conception during adolescence

Answer 46

cognitive development overall becomes more abstract and more complex , children describe themselves in less concrete terms and more by their traits

Question 47

changes in self-esteem during adolescence

Answer 47

most experience a moderate drop in self esteem but it stays high for most individuals, some drop dramatically

Question 48

domains of adolescent self image acording to Harter | 8 of them

Answer 48

-scholastic competence -social acceptence -athletic competence -physical apperence job competence -romantic apeal -behavioral conduct -close friendship

Question 49

key factors that influence self-esteem

Answer 49

being accepted and approved by by others, providing love and encouragement and school success

Question 50

brain development and emotional processsing in adolescence

Answer 50

brain development may contribute to emotionality, when kids process photos activity is high in amygdala a primitive part of brain, in adults this is not true so kids feel emotion in the heart not in the head

Question 51

do adolescent girls loose their voice, support with research

Answer 51

``` Gilligan: boys learn to assert their opinion while girls loose their voice, she argues girls develop more sensitivity to the nuances of human relationships at an earlyer age and want to cultivate relationships -they become aware of irreconcilabe conflict with culture for girls, culture diswades them from voicing their oppinion, but many studies have proven that girls often out speak boys in the class room HArter thinks more feminane girls have less voice but not girls in general ```

Question 52

four identity statuses/ james marcias identity status model

Answer 52

diffusion: no exploration eith no commitnment- no commitment made along path of identity formulation, and person is not seriously attempting to sort through potential choices and make commitment Moratorium: exploration but no comitment Forclosure: no experimentation but already commited achievement: made exploration and have commitment

Question 53

ways in which ethnic minorities may respond to awarness of their ethnicity

Answer 53

assimilation: adopting ways of majority culture and leaving ethnic culture behind marginality: rejecting culture of origin and feeling rejected by majority culture separtation: form ethnic identity and stays away from majority culture Biculturism: dual identity one based on ethnic culture and one on majority culture hybrid identity: adopts parts of both cultures