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PSYC 1200 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

The neural region associated with your sense of touch

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2
Q

Haptics

A

Active exploratory aspect of touch sensation and perception

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3
Q

Kinethesis

A

Sense of bodily motion and position

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4
Q

Niociception

Slow, Fast fibres

A

The activity of nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable stimulation

Fast - Sharp intense pain caused by injury

Slow - Persistent, throbbing pain that persists after injury occurs

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5
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

Explains our experiences of pain as an interaction between nerves that transmit pain messages and those that inhibit these messages

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6
Q

Phantom Limb Sensations

A

Amputees who report pain and other sensations coming from absent limb

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7
Q

Gustatory System

A

Functions in the sensation and perception of taste

Primary - Salty, sweet, bitter and sour,

Gustatory Cortex - Located in nthe back of frontal lobes, and extends inward to the insula

Seconday Gustatory Cortex - Processes the pleasurable experiences associated with food

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8
Q

Olfactory System

A

Involved in smell, the direction of the airborne particles with specialized receptors located in the nose

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9
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

A thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia - tiny hair liked projections that contain specialized proteins that bind with airborne molecules that enter the nasal cavity

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10
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Bottom surface of frontal lobes, serving as the brains central region for processing smells

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11
Q

Sensation

A

process of detecting external events with sense organs and turning them into neural signals

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12
Q

Perception

A

Attending to, organizing and itnerpreting stimuli that we sense

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13
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of external activity to neural activity

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14
Q

5 sense

A
  1. Vision
  2. hearing
  3. Touch
  4. Taste
  5. Smell
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15
Q

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

Idea that different snse are separated in the brain, proposed by German physiologist Johannes Muller

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16
Q

Orienting Response

A

How we quickly shift our attention to stimuli that signal a change in our sensory world

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17
Q

Sensory Adaption

A

Reduction of activity in sensory receptors with repeated exposure to a stimulus, sensation, perception and attention

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18
Q

William Gustav Fechner

A

German physicist interested in vision, helped create psycho physics

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19
Q

Psychophysics

A

Seeks to measure the relationship between the energy detected by our sensory organs and our psychologcal experience of that energy

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20
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimum amount of energy or quantity of a stimulus required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time it is presented

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21
Q

Difference Threshold

A

Smallest difference between stimuli that can be reliably detected at least 50% of the time

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22
Q

Ernst Weber

A

German Physician and one of the founders of psychophysics

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23
Q

Weber’s Law

A

States that the just noticeable difference between 2 stimuli changes as a proportion of those stimuli

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24
Q

Signal Detection theory

A

Whether a stimulus is perceived depends on both the sensory experience and the judgment made by the subject

Sensory Process - Faint stimulus or none at all

Decision Process - Subject stating whether or not the stimulus was actually presented

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25
Subliminal Perception
Perception below the threshold of conscious awareness
26
Priming
Previous exposure to a stimulus that influences individuals later responses
27
Gestalt Psychology
An approach to perception that emphasizes that the whole is greater then the sum of its parts
28
Principles of Gestalt Psychology (5)
1. Figure Ground - 2. Proximity - 3. Similarity - 4. Continuity - 5. Closure -
29
Phonetic Reversal
Word pronounced backwards sounds like another word
30
John Vokey and Don Read
Conducted series of studies that relate to the backward message controversy
31
Top Down Processing
When our perceptions are influenced by our expectations or by out prior knowledge
32
Bottom-Up Processing
When we perceive individual bits of sensory information and use them to construct a more complex perception
33
Perceptual Set
Filter that influences what aspects of scene we perceive or pay attention to
34
Divided attention
Focusing on ore than one stimulus or task at the same time
35
Selective attention
Focusing on one particular event or task
36
Inattentional Blindness
Failure to notice clearly visible event or objects because attention is directed elsewhere
37
Wavelength and Amplitude
Wave - Distance between peaks of a wave Amp - Height of wave (low for dim colours, high for bright colours)
38
Sclera
White outer surface of the eye
39
Cornea
Clear layer that covers the front portion of the eye and also contributes tot he eye's ability to focus
40
Pupil
Regulates the amount of light that enters by changing its size; dilates to allow in more light and contracts to allow less light
41
Iris
Round muscle that adjusts the size of the pupil; also gives the eyes their colour
42
Lens
Clear structure that focuses light onto the back of the eye
43
Acommodation
Lens changing shape to ensure the light entering the eye is refracted in such a way that it is focused when it reaches the back of the eye
44
Transduction
When light reaches the back of the eye, stimulating a layer of specialized receptors that convert light into a message that the brain can then interpret
45
Retina
Lines the inner surface of the back of the eye and consists of specialized receptors that absorb light and send signals related to the properties of light to the brain
46
Photo receptors, Ganglion Cells
Photo receptors - Where light is transformed into a neural signal that the brain can understand Ganglion Cells - closer to front of retina and send activity out through the optic nerve
47
Optic Nerve
A dense bundle of fibers that connect to the brain
48
Photo Receptors
Rods - Occupy peripheral regions of the retina; highly sensitive under low light levels Cones - Sensitive to the different wavelengths of light that we perceive
49
Fovea
The central region of the retina
50
Dark Adaption
Where rods and cones become increasingly sensitive to light under low levels of illumination
51
Thomas Young and Hermann Von Helmholtz
Tirchromatic Theory (Young helmholtz theory) Maintains that colour vision is determined by 3 different cone types that are sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelengths of light
52
Ewald Hering
Proposed the opponent process theory
53
Opponent Process Theory
States what we perceive colour in terms of opposing pairs; red to green, yellow to blue, and white to black
54
Optic Chiasm
Where optic nerves cross at the midline of the brain
55
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Specialized for processing visual information
56
Feature detection cells;
Visual cells in the cortex that respond selectively to simple and specific aspects of a stimulus
57
Ventral Stream
from visual cortex to the lower part of the temporal lobe
58
Doral Stream
from visual cortex to the parietal lobe
59
Perceptual Constancy
Ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size and colour despite change in perspective
60
Types of constancy
Shape - Judging the angle of the object relative to our position Size - Based on judgments of how close an objecy is relative to one's position as well as to the position of other objects Colour - Allows use to recognize and object's colour under varying levels of illumination
61
Prosopagnosia
Face blindness where people are able to recognize voices and other defining features of individuals but not faces
62
Fusiform Face Area
Responds more strongly to the entire face than to individual features, shows a smaller response when we perceive upside down faces
63
Face Pareidolia
Illusory perceptions of faces activating the FFA suggests that
64
Binocular Depth cues
Distance cues that are based on the differing perspectives of both eyes
65
Convergence
Occurs when the eye muscles contract sot hat both eyes focus on a single object
66
Retinal Dispartty
Difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes, whcih provides information to the brain about depth
67
Stereoscopic Vision
Most primates and humans have, results from overlapping visual fields
68
Monocular cues
Depth cues that we can perceive with only 1 eye
69
Motion Parallaz
Used when you or your surroundings are in motioin
70
Sound Waves
Frequency - Wavelength and is measured in hertz (Number of cycles soundwaves travel per second) Amplitude - Determines its loudness
71
Pitch
Perceptual experience of sound wave frequencies
72
Pinna
Most noticeable part of ear, and helps channel soundw aves to the ear and allows to determine the source or location of a sound
73
Auditory Canal
Extends from pinna to the eardrum
74
Ossicales Q
Known individually as the malleus, incus, and stapes
75
Cochlea
Fluid filled membrane that's coiled in snail-like shape and contains the structures that convert sound into neural impulses and lines the basilar membrane
76
Sound localization
Process of identifying where sound comes from
77
Inferior Colliculus
Midbrain structure
78
Place theory of hearing
How we perceive pitch based on the location (place) along the basilar membrane that sound stimulates
79
Frequency Theory
The perception of pitch that's related to the frequency at which the basilar membrane vibrates
80
Volley Principle
Groups of neurons fire in alternating fashion
81
Primary Auditory Cortex
Major perceptual centre of the brain involved in perceiving what we hear
82
Vestibular System
A sensory system in the ear that provides information about spatial orientation of the head as well as head motion
83
Vestibular Sacs
Structures that influence your ability to detect when your head is no longer in an upright position
84
Semicircular Canal
3 fluid filled canals found in the inner ear that respond when your head moves in different directions
85
Olfacory Epithelium
Thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia
86
Olfactory Bulb
On the bottom surface of the frontal lobes, which serves as the brains central region for processing smells
87
Multimodal Integration
The ability to combine sensation from different modalities such as vision and hearing into a single integrated perception
88
McGurk Effect
Changes what sound actually is when seeing multiple mouth movements
89
Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response
Condition where specific auditory or visual stimuli trigger tingling sensations in the scalp and neck, sometimes extending across the back and shoulders

PSYC 1200 (8 decks)

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