Chapter 4,7,11

Question 1

Unconditioned Stimuli

Answer 1

Any stimulus that elicits or causes an involuntary/unlearned reaction in an animal or human

Question 2

Unconditioned response

Answer 2

The unlearned/involuntary reaction caused by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

Neutral stimuli

Answer 3

Any stimulus that causes no unlearned/involuntary reaction in an animal or human

Question 4

Conditioned stimuli

Answer 4

After the neutral stimulus has been baited enough times with the unconditioned stimulus, the CS can take on the power of the UCS, therefore the CS all by itself can cause the involuntary reaction, so demonstrating that learning(conditioning) has taken place

Question 5

Delayed Conditioning

Answer 5

A classical conditioning procedure on which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus and remains present until after the unconditioned stimulus is presented so that the two stimuli occur together

Question 6

Trace conditioning

Answer 6

A classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus but is removed before the unconditioned stimulus is presented so that the two stimuli do not occur together

Question 7

Acquisition

Answer 7

The actual learning of New response

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

The diminishing of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Classical conditioning

Answer 9

Learning that one stimulus signals the arrival of another stimulus

Question 10

Stimulus

Answer 10

Any sight, sound, smell, taste, or body sensation that a human or animal can perceive

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

A partial recovery in strength of the conditioned response following a break during extinction training

Question 12

Stimulus generalizations

Answer 12

The elicitation of the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. The more similar the stimulus is to the conditioned stimulus, the stronger the response.

Question 13

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 13

Elicitation of the conditioned response only by the conditioned stimulus or only by a small set of highly similar stimuli that includes the conditioned stimuli

Question 14

Operant conditioning

Answer 14

Learning to associate behaviors with their consequences

Question 15

Law of effect

Answer 15

Any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated and that any behavior that result in unsatisfying consequences tends not to be repeated

Question 16

Reinforcer

Answer 16

Anything that increases a particular behavior happening. Will always strengthen a behavior.

Question 17

Positive reinforcer

Answer 17

Strengthens a response by presenting a positive or desired stimulus after a response

Question 18

Negative reinforcer

Answer 18

Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive or unpleasant stimulus.

Question 19

Reinforcement

Answer 19

The process by which the probability of a response is increased by the presentation of the reinforcer

Question 20

Punishment

Answer 20

The process by which the probability of a response is decreased by the presentation of a punisher

Question 21

If punishment is overused:

Answer 21

• resentment
• rebellious behavior
• lower self esteem
• fear the person punishing
• fear the place where punished
• learn what not to do but not what should be done

Question 22

Primary reinforcers

Answer 22

Any reinforcements that feels good without a person needing to learn this

Question 23

Secondary reinforcement

Answer 23

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing property through learning

Question 24

Shaping

Answer 24

Start small and then keep upping the ante. Keep expecting a bit mor before you give the reinforcement. Keep expecting small improvements from person or animal

Question 25

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 25

Reinforce behavior after a set number of responses, so it's predictable

Question 26

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 26

There's is set time between reinforcers

Question 27

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 27

There is no set number of responses, so the person never knows when a reinforcer of coming. It's unpredictable

Question 28

Variable interval schedule

Answer 28

The time intervals between reinforcers are not set, also unpredictable

Question 29

Observational learning

Answer 29

Where we observe and then imitate others behaviors

Question 30

Teratogens

Answer 30

Any substance that can cross the placenta and the fetus/unborn baby. Means "monster"

Question 31

Pre-conventional level

Answer 31

Typically children and they are only doing what is right to avoid punishment and are centered around their own needs/wants

Question 32

Conventional

Answer 32

We want to be good citizens so follow the morality of our culture, therefore this stage is comprised of both external and internal forces

Question 33

Post-conventional

Answer 33

Completely internal and according to Kohlberg, 1% or less of humans make it to this stage. The person acts totally in accordance with their morals even I. The face of being jailed, beaten up, or even killed.

Question 34

Social learning theory

Answer 34

Revolves around children learning their appropriate behaviors, emotions. Etc through receiving rewards and punishments and through imitation

Question 35

BemS gender scheme theory

Answer 35

Children develop a schema for gender and this then organizes info from the worlds and gives them info about how females and males should act

Question 36

Androgyny

Answer 36

Allows us to be fully human and express whichever feeling and behavior is most appropriate in a given situation

Question 37

Altruism

Answer 37

Any behavior that a person does to help a person or animal in need with no expectation of getting rewarded