Chapter 4

Question 1

Carbohydrates contain how many chemical elements and what are they?

Answer 1

3
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

Question 2

What is the CHO ratio?

Answer 2

1:2:1
C:H:O

Glucose - C6H12O6

Question 3

Carbohydrates occupy how much of the diet?

Answer 3

80%

Question 4

Photosynthesis is responsible for CHO production in what?

Answer 4

Plants

Question 5

Triose

Answer 5

3 carbon atoms

Question 6

Tetrose

Answer 6

4 carbon atoms

Question 7

Pentose

Answer 7

5 carbon atoms
Not found in high C in plants or animals
Not metabolized well
Increase urinary output
Fruits - high in pentose - feed for birds

Question 8

Hexose

Answer 8

6 carbon atoms
(more important in livestock)

Most abundant in nature

Question 9

Monosaccharides have how many molecule(s) of sugar?

Answer 9

1

Question 10

Disaccharides have how many molecule(s) of sugar?

Answer 10

2 molecules linked together

Question 11

Oligosaccharides have how many molecule(s) of sugar?

Answer 11

3-10 molecules linked together

Question 12

Polysaccharides have how many molecule(s) of sugar?

Answer 12

Greater than 10 linked together

Question 13

Glyceraldehyde

Answer 13

3C 6 H 3O2

Question 14

Dihydroxyacetone

Answer 14

3C 6H 2O2

Question 15

Ribose

Answer 15

5 carbon sugar found in every living cell

Component of ATP, ADP, AMP and RNA

Question 16

2 deoxy D-ribose

Answer 16

5 carbon sugar

Component of DNA

Question 17

D-xylose

Answer 17

5 carbon sugar
Found in woody part of plants
Hay, straw, hulls, corn cobs
Component of hemicellulose

Question 18

Arabinose

Answer 18

Found in plants - high in gums

Component of hemicellulose

Question 19

A-D-Glucose

Answer 19

Primary energy source for miss monogastrics
Polymers - starch (amylose)
Well digested by enzymes in small intestines (SI)

Question 20

B-D-Glucose

Answer 20

Composition identical to A-D-Glucose
Polymer - cellulose
Not well digested by monogastrics
(Need bacteria to digest)

Question 21

B-D-Galactose

Answer 21

6 carbon sugars found in milk

Component of milk sugar (lactose)

Question 22

B-D-Fructose

Answer 22

6 carbon sugars
Found in honey and fruit
Components of sucrose
Sweetest taste of all CHOs

Question 23

Sucrose

Answer 23

1 AD glucose and BD fructose
Commonly called table sugar
Rapidly and easily digested within the SI
Quick source of energy
Found in sugar beets, sugar cane, molasses

Enzyme- sucrase from brush border of SI

Question 24

Lactose

Answer 24

BD galactose and BD glucose 
Bonded by b 1,4 linkage 
Commonly called milk sugar 
Digested easily, expect for avian (birds) 
Milk based diets for young animals 

Enzyme- lactase from brush border in SI

Question 25

Maltose

Answer 25

AD glucose and AD glucose Bonded by a 1,4 linkage Derived from starch digestion Enzyme- maltase from brush border of si

Question 26

Celloboise

Answer 26

BD glucose BD glucose Linkage b 1,4 linkage No mammalian enzyme to break bond Need microbial (mco) enzymes to breakdown Fundamental linkage of cellulose molecule

Question 27

Oligosaccharides

Answer 27

Greater than 2 molecules of sugar Rafdjniss and stachyose (found in beans and legumes) Leads to production of gas Not commonly present in nature Intermediates of breakdown of polysaccharides

Question 28

Polysaccharides

Answer 28

Have a relatively high molecular weight Large molecules of several 1000 monosaccharides Bulk of dietary cho from polysaccharides

Question 29

Starch

Answer 29

Main energy reserve in plants Found in kernels 9f grain, tubers, etc Good source of glucose Two forms - amylose and amylopectin

Question 30

Amylose

Answer 30

25-30% of starch in this form Soluble in hot H2O Straight chain if ad glucose in a 1,4 linkages Enzyme - pancreatic amylase

Question 31

Amylopectin

Answer 31

70-75% starch exist in this form Insoluble jn H2O Straight chain of glucose in a 1,4 linkage Also branched chain of 1,6 linkages Both of these alpha bonds can be digested by enzymes produced by animals

Question 32

Glycogen

Answer 32

Storage form of starch (glucose) in the body Similar to amylopectin (almost identical) Found in liver and muscles Soluble jn H2O Short CHI storage - short bursts of energy

Question 33

Cellulose

Answer 33

Primary cho found in plant kingdom About 50% dry matter of plant Most abundant organic compound in nature Major structural component of cell wall jn plants - forms plant skeleton, fiber or stuff portion of stems, leaves and roots No mammalian enzymes can break down

Question 34

Hemicellulose

Answer 34

Contains many different sugar molecules Besides glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose Shorter chains than cellulose Branches polymer Less “resistant” as compared with cellulose Difference between NDF and ADF Enzyme - hemicellulasea from MCO

Question 35

Lignin

Answer 35

Not a carbohydrate Found in association with cho in plants Indigestible by animals and most mco Content of plants increases with maturity As lignin increases, digestibility decreases