Chapter 4

Question 1

HEAT

Answer 1

the flow of kinetic energy between molecules from one body or substance to another resulting from a temperature difference between them

Question 2

Types of Heat Energy

Answer 2

Latent Heat

Sensible Heat

Question 3

Latent Heat

Answer 3

Energy gained or lost (absorbed or released) when a substance (ice, water or water vapour) changes states.

Question 4

Sensible Heat

Answer 4

Measure of the concentration kinetic energy from molecular motion.

(i.e temperature - measured by a thermometer)

Question 5

Methods of Heat Transfer

Answer 5

1. Radiation
2. Conduction
3. Convection
4. Advection

Question 6

RADIATION

Answer 6

Transfer of heat energy in electromagnetic waves.

sun to Earth, fire, stove

Question 7

CONDUCTION

Answer 7

Molecule to molecule transfer of heat energy.

• diffuses through a substance
• involves a certain amount of resistance, with energy lost as it travels through

Question 8

CONVECTION

Answer 8

Vertical transfer of heat energy by the mass of a substance via mixing or circulation of gases and liquids.

• hot, less dense matter rises.
• cooler, denser matter sinks

Question 9

ADVECTION

Answer 9

Horizontal transfer of heat energy via mixing or circulation of gases and liquids.

Question 10

(Latent heat) Heat energy is ABSORBED as the latent heat of melting, vaporization, or evaporation.

Answer 10

MELTING
VAPORIZATION
EVAPORATION

Question 11

(Latent heat) Heat energy is RELEASED as the latent heat of ____________

Answer 11

CONDENSATION
FREEZING
FUSION

Question 12

Kinetic Energy

Answer 12

Energy of motion produced by vibration energy of molecules.

The intensity of that movement is measured as temperature.

Question 13

Potential Energy

Answer 13

Stored energy (either due to composition or position)

Question 14

Diffuse Radiation

Answer 14

Insolation reaching Earth’s surface after being scattered by clouds and/or the atmosphere.

Question 15

Diffuse Radiation

Answer 15

Insolation reaching Earth’s surface after scattering.

Question 16

Why does the Sahara desert have a negative net radiation?

Answer 16

Because there are no clouds.

Question 17

Why does the Sahara desert have a negative net radiation?

Answer 17

Because there are no clouds.

Question 18

Clouds reflect ____

Answer 18

shortwave radiation

Question 19

Clouds absorb ____

Answer 19

longwave radiation

Question 20

Absorption

Answer 20

The assimilation of radiation by molecules of matter, converting the radiation from one form of energy to another.

Question 21

Longwave radiation is absorbed in the atmosphere by:

Answer 21

carbon dioxide
water vapour
methane
nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Question 22

Transmission

Answer 22

Refers to the uninterrupted passage of shortwave and longwave energy through either the atmosphere or water.

Question 23

Albedo

Answer 23

The reflective quality of a surface. Expressed as the percentage of reflected insolation to incoming insolation.

Question 24

Shortwave Radiation Inputs

Answer 24

Ultraviolet light
Visible light
Near-infrared wavelengths

Question 25

Longwave Radiation Outputs

Answer 25

Thermal Infrared

Question 26

What happens to incoming radiation? (4)

Answer 26

Reflection Scattering Refraction Absorption

Question 27

Refraction

Answer 27

Bending of light resulting from a change in medium. Insolation entering the atmosphere changes mediums. this causes a shift in speed and causes the light to bend (shift direction).

Question 28

Energy budget between the tropics

Answer 28

energy surplus

Question 29

Energy budget between at the poles

Answer 29

energy deficits

Question 30

Energy deficits occur at the

Answer 30

poles

Question 31

Energy surpluses occur at the

Answer 31

between the tropics

Question 32

Boundary layer

Answer 32

the lower atmosphere at the Earth’s surface where energy and moisture are continually exchanged

Question 33

Net radiation

Answer 33

the sum of all radiation gains and losses - positive during the day - negative during the night

Question 34

Incoming shortwave radiation is absorbed by:

Answer 34

``` Nitrogen Oxygen Ozone Carbon Dioxide Water Vapour ``` in the atmosphere

Question 35

Imbalance in energy is resolved by (3)

Answer 35

Atmospheric circulations Oceanic circulations Dynamic weather systems

Question 36

Earth's Average Albedo

Answer 36

31%

Question 37

Solar energy is absorbed by...

Answer 37

``` Land and water surfaces Atmospheric gases Dust Clouds Stratospheric ozone ```

Question 38

Jet contrails create...

Answer 38

condensation trails that produce high cirrus clouds, which trap more radiation than it reflects.

Question 39

Longwave radiation is absorbed in the atmosphere by:

Answer 39

``` carbon dioxide water vapour methane nitrous oxide chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ```

Question 40

The Greenhouse Effect

Answer 40

Carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane, and other gases in the lower atmosphere absorb infrared radiation that is then emitted to Earth, thus delaying energy loss to space—this process is the greenhouse effect.

Question 41

Why is the sky blue?

Answer 41

- Violet and blue light: shorter wavelengths (scatter first) - Red and yellow light: longest wavelength (travels the farthest) - when light hits a gas molecule in our atmosphere, it is absorbed - high frequency blues and violets get absorbed more - the gas molecule then radiates the light in different directions (colour that was radiated is the same colour that was absorbed) (Raleigh scattering)

Question 42

Why is the sunset red?

Answer 42

- when the sun sets its further away from you - the path to get to your eyes is longer, therefore the chance of the longwave red and yellow light hitting gas molecules is higher - the light also travels through the lower atmosphere, which has a greater concentration of particles - these particles reflect the light that hit them

Question 43

Mie Scattering

Answer 43

The larger particles in the atmosphere (larger than the wavelengths of light) cause the sky to appear white (haze, pollution) in a very hazy/polluted area, all wavelengths of light are scattered evenly, making the human eye perceive it as white