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Cyber-Physical Systems > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Internet of Things

A

The inter-connectivity of physical objects or things that allow for the exchange of data among those objects via the internet

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2
Q

Describe the architectural structure of the Internet of Things

A

Connectivity, Computation, Sensing

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3
Q

What is meant by object or things in the Internet of Things

A

Any physical object that is connected to the Internet

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4
Q

Give an example of objects or things in the IoT

A

Tracking Vehicles, GPS

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5
Q

What is meant by sensing and actuating technology

A

Converting signals into electrical energy that can be manipulated by the user

Actuating is using the electric energy to affect something in the environment

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6
Q

Give an example of sensing and actuating technology

A

Speakers, LEDs, Microphones

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7
Q

What is meant by the term transponder?

A

Technology often found in RFID tech that results in the generation of data which has to be stored, processed, and presented in an efficient form

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8
Q

Describe the architectural structure of a transponder

A

Contains radio signal receiver and radio signal transmitter

If the transponder is active, it contains its own power source

If the transponder is passive, it cannot actively broadcast a signal because it does NOT have its own power source

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9
Q

What is meant by the term RFID

A

Radio Frequency Identification - tech that automatically electronically records or identifies the presence of objects/things through radio siganls

Allows transmissions of data and identification without contact and line of sight from a data medium through radio signals

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10
Q

Give an example of RFID architecture

A

Identification cards that require a simple tap on a transponder receiver for the data to be transmitted instead of swiping a magnetic strip

i.e. TCNJ ID cards

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11
Q

What is meant by the term RFID reader?

A

The component that receives a transmitted data and interprets and responds to that data appropriately

Provides short-range alternating current magnetic field that the passive RFID tag uses for both power and broadcasting

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12
Q

Give an example of an RFID reader’s architecture

A

Contains antenna leads that transmit voltage. This voltage may be interrupted if a tag draws energy from that voltage

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13
Q

What is meant by the term capacitive coupling?

A

The transfer of energy within an electrical network or between distant networks by means of displacement current between circuit nodes, induced by an electric field.

Achieved by placing a capacitor between two nodes

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14
Q

Give an example of capacitive coupling

A

AC coupling used in digital circuits to transmit digital signals with a zero DC component, known as DC-balanced signals

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15
Q

What is meant by the term inductive coupling?

A

Two conductors said to be inductively coupled when they are configured in such a way that change in current through one wire induces a voltage across the ends of the other wire through electromagnetic induction

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16
Q

Give an example of an inductive coupling

A

Transforms, metal detectors, electric motors/generators, wireless power transfers, radio-frequency identification (RFID)

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17
Q

What is meant by the term smart label?

A

Very small RFID tag applied to different object such as luggage of freight for purpose of identification and tracking through the use of radio waves

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18
Q

Give an example of a smart label architecture

A

Thin paper or plstic film of 0.1m thickness on which chip and antenna are applied

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19
Q

What is meant by the term energy supply of a transponder

A

Transponders rely on energy supplies to either detect or allow for detection for identification. Often used in RFID, containing a specific identification that can be read by a receiver

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20
Q

Give examples of the different forms (transponder power supply)

A

Active - Contain power sources, utilizes to broadcast its own signal

Passive - No power source, relies on external signals to induce a current within the transponder or inductive coupling

21
Q

What is meant by the term RFID middleware? Describe their features

A

Software made to control the RFID equipment and manage the data and interfaces with enterprise applications. Architecture consists of the following 3 components:

1 ) Device interface: Provides necessary functionality to establish connection between core processing interface and RFID hardware to enable the RFID system to discover, manage and control the reader and tags

2 ) Core processing interface: the decision-making component that manages and manipulates the large amount of raw RFID data before passing to the application interface

3 ) Application Interface: Responsible for delivering RFID data to and from the specific application

22
Q

What is meant by the term passive transponder?

A

Does not contain a power source. Works based off of external signals that induce a current within a transponder

23
Q

Describe the architectural structure of a passive transponder

A

No power source, contains a chip and antennas for broadcasting and current induction

24
Q

What is meant by RFID tag prices and field of operation?

A

Tag prices vary. Passive are often chapter because of the lack of a power source. However, tags’ prices can vary based on data capacity, form, operating frequency, range, performance requirements, presence/absence of a microchip and read/write memory

Field of operation is the distance in which the transponder can be accessed wirelessly through signals or current induction

25
Q

Give an example of passive tags

A

ID cards used to scan into a location - school ID

26
Q

What is meant by the term RFID tag classes?

A

Various tag classes that vary in type (semi-passive, passive, and active) as well as their capabilites:

1 ) Class 0: read-only w/ simple ID numbers of 64 or 96 bits; can be EPC; cannot be modified

2 ) Class 1: Read/Write passive tags; can only be written once, either by manufacturer or user

3 ) Class 2: Read/Write passive tags; can be written several times; additional functionalities

4 ) Class 3: Semi-passive with extra energy tags can increase reading distance range and provide new functionalities (ex sensors)

5 ) Class 4: Provide communication functionalities with other active tags and have features as in class 3

6 ) Class 5: have reader capabilities enabling the tag to communicate with all types of tags

27
Q

Give an example of passive tags

A

Access control, tracking, tracing of individuals and goods

Animal monitoring

Luggage tracking

RFID security

Smart city/energy/home/mobility/ports

Vehicle Tracking

Homeland Security

28
Q

What is meant by RFID architectural model?

A

Contains the following:
1 ) HF Interface - Master part of the reader with 3 functions: Supplying RFID transponders with power by generating high frequency power; Modulation of the signal to the transponder; Reception and demodulation of signals from the transponders
2 ) Control Unit - The slave part of the reader that performs the following functionalities: Communications and execution of the application softwares commands; singal coding/decoding; communication control with a transponder
3 ) RFID Middleware - Software connecting RFID readers with their collected data. Help make sense of tag reads, applies filtering, formatting, and logic to tag data captured by a reader

29
Q

What is meant by home automation?

A

Technological solution that enables automating the bulk of electronic, electrical and technology- based tasks within a home.

Uses combination of hardware/software tech that enable control and management over appliances and devices within a home

30
Q

Example of the benefits of home automation

A

Creates a much better life for the residents

Convenience

31
Q

What is meant by the term sensor?

A

A device that detects/measures a physical property and records, indicates or otherwise responds to it

32
Q

Describe the structure and function of a strain gauge sensor

A

Consists of electronic resistances that can be changed with applied force such as plain force, pressure, tension, weight, etc. These forces alter the resistance of the sensor and can then be measured

33
Q

What is meant by the term contact sensor?

A

Tells system if something is opened or closed

34
Q

Example of contact sensor

A

Alarm systems that can detect if a door is opened at a certain time and can then transmit if need be

35
Q

What is meant by the term analog-to-digital converter?

A

Converts continuous analog data to discrete digital data through sampling and quantization.

36
Q

Describe the quantization function of an analog-to-digital converter

A

Replaces each real number with an approximation from a finite set of discrete values.

37
Q

What is meant by the term sensor network?

A

Group of specialized transducers with a communications infrastructure for monitoring and recording conditions at diverse locations

The power for each sensor node is derived from a battery

Potential applications of sensor networks include industrial automation

38
Q

Give an example of a sensor network

A

Weather forecasting, sensors that measure weather related data are able to improve weather forecasts

39
Q

What is meant by the term sensor node?

A

A node in a sensor network capable of performing some processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network.

40
Q

What is meant by the term wireless sensor?

A

Sensors that transmit data across a wireless sensor network

Equipped with wireless radio transceivers or some other wireless communications device or antenna which is used to communicate with other neighbor nodes

41
Q

What is meant by fixed routing and adaptive routing?

A

An adaptive route refers to an optimal and efficient routing path that is selected when routing priorities change or failures occur with routing devices, nodes, or other network components. An adaptive route ensures continuous network connectivity and operations

42
Q

What is meant by the terms deadlock and livelock?

A

Deadlock is a situation in which multiple computer programs are trying to share the same resource, and effectively prevents each other from accessing that resource. Results in both programs ceasing to function

Livelock is a condition that occurs when 2+ processes continually change their state in response to changes in the other processes. Result is that none of the processes will complete.

43
Q

Example of deadlock and livelock

A

Deadlock - Traffic Gridlock

Livelock - When 2 people are walking opposite directions in a hallway and can’t get past eachother but keep swaying back and forth to try and get past.

44
Q

What is meant by clustering in wireless sensor networks?

A

Set of loosely or tightly connected computers that work together so that they can be viewed as a single systems.

Unlike grid computers, computer clusters have each node set to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by software

45
Q

Example of clustering

A

Marketers use for pattern recognition, data analysis, image processing.

46
Q

What is meant by the term powerline communication?

A

Carries data on a conductor that is also used simulataneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution to consumers.

47
Q

Describe the architectural structure of a powerline system

A

Contain conductors, insulators, poles, crossarms, etc

48
Q

What is meant by the term smart meter

A

A device that can automatically measure, detect environmental conditions and transmit data wirelessly

49
Q

Give an example of a smart meter

A

A smart thermostat with the ability to automatically take temperature or house conditions and transmit data to utility companies

Cyber-Physical Systems (3 decks)

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