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Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him at any given time

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2
Q

Waking consciousness

A

State in which thoughts, feelings and sensations are clear and organized and the person feels alert

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3
Q

Altered state of consciousness

A

State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness

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4
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over 24h period

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5
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability

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6
Q

Rem sleep

A

Dreaming, rapid eye movement

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7
Q

Non-REM

A

Any of sleep stages not including rem

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8
Q

Beta waves

A

Smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity

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9
Q

Alpha waves

A

Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

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10
Q

Theta waves

A

Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

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11
Q

Delta waves

A

Long, slow brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

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12
Q

Rem behavior disorder

A

A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks movement of voluntary muscles fails, allowing person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares

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13
Q

Rem rebound

A

Increased amounts of rem sleep after being deprived of rem sleep on earlier nights

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14
Q

Night terrors

A

Rare disorder in which person experiences fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully

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15
Q

Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

A

During deep sleep, moving around or walking

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16
Q

Insomnia

A

Inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, get good quality of sleep

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17
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Disorder in which person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more

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18
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Disorder in which person falls immediately into rem sleep during the day without warning

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Contains suprachiasmastic nucleus that’s sensitive to light and influences pineal gland’s secretion of melatonin

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20
Q

Freud’s interpretation of why we dream

A

Wish fulfillment- conflicts, events, desires represented in symbolic form of dreams

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21
Q

Activation synthesis hypothesis

A

Dreams are product of random signals (activation), with brain forming explanation or signals based on memories and other information (synthesis)

Activating-information-Mode model suggests that information access during waking hours can influence the synthesis of dreams

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22
Q

Dissociation

A

Divided state of conscious Awareness

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23
Q

Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

A

Theory that assumes people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but merely playing the role expected from them in the situation

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24
Q

Hypnosis

A

State of consciousness during which person is more susceptible to suggestion

25
Meditation
Mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness
26
Psychoactive drugs
Chemical substances that alter thinking, perception and memory
27
Physical dependence
When body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug
28
Drug tolerance
The decrease of response to a drug over repeated uses, leading to the need for higher doses of drug to achieve same effect
29
Withdrawal
Physical symptoms (nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, high blood pressure) resulting from lack of addictive drug in body
30
Psychological dependence
Feeling that drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being
31
Stimulants
Drugs that increase functioning of nervous system
32
Depressants
Drugs that decrease the functioning of nervous system
33
Hallucinogenics
Produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication
34
Amphetamines
Stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than found in nature
35
Cocaine
- Natural, derived from leaves of coca plant - stimulant - euphoria, energy, power - not same withdrawal symptoms as alcohol, but mood swings, tired, nervous, no pleasure - craving developed by brain because of chemical changes
36
Nicotine
- stimulant - highly addictive and deadly - Sense of arousal, raises blood pressure - bad physical withdrawal
37
Caffeine
- Stimulant - natural - 400mg ok
38
Barbiturates
- depressants | - sedative
39
Benzodiazepines
- mild depressant - lower anxiety, reduce stress - Xanax etc
40
Alcohol
- depressant - chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable - stimulates release of GABA; inhibits brain functioning
41
Opiates
- depressant - suppress sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating nervous system’s natural receptor sure for endorphins (neurotransmitters that deaden pain sensations) - slow down action if nervous systems
42
Opium
- obtained from opium poppy, all opiates are derived from it | - mimics endorphins (NS’s natural pain killers)
43
Morphine
- derived from opium, treats severe pain
44
Heroin
- narcotic drug derived from opium, highly addictive
45
LSD (lysergic axis diethylamide)
- synthetic hallucinogen - not always pleasant - decreases ability to perceive reality - HPPD (flashbacks and spontaneous hallucinations can occur)
46
PCP
- In vet medicine - can have many different effects - violence, suicide
47
MDMA
- Amphetamine, but can produce hallucinations - stimulatory hallucinogenics - ecstasy, molly - large amounts of serotonin and blocks reuptake - euphoria, energy
48
Stimulatory hallucinogenics
Produce mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects
49
Marihuana
- mild hallucinogen derived from hemp plant - tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) - feeling of well-being - no physical dependency
50
How much sleep do you need?
7-9h
51
N1: Light sleep
- hypnagogic images - theta waves increase, aloha waves fade - not believing they were asleep - Hypnic jerk
52
N2: sleep spindles
- Brief bursts of activity lasting only a second or two - Theta waves dominate - growth hormones released
53
Sleep apnea
Disorder in which the person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more
54
Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder in which person falls immediately into rem sleep during day without warning
55
Activation-information-mode Model
Revised version of the activation synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence in the synthesis of dreams
56
Activation-synthesis-theory
- another kind of thinking, comes from people’s memories/experiences of past - Dreams are created by higher centers of cortex to explain activation by brain stem during rem sleep - random signals from brain stem must somehow be interpreted
57
Content of dreams
- Reflect events in everyday life - Gender differences - men: other males, sexual dreams, cars, tools, outdoor/unfamiliar, more physical aggression - women: both genders, family and home problems, appearance concerns, victims of aggression
58
Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
People who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected from them in situation
59
Dissociation
Divided state of conscious awareness

Psychology (7 decks)

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