Chapter 4 Flashcards by 62223 .

In the early _____, the first structures built by American colonists consisted of one room, with a dirt floor. By _____, there were a few houses being built with two rooms, side by side. By about ______, we saw the first two story houses being constructed, with two rooms on each floor.

1600’s; 1650; 1670

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Around _____, we saw the first one-story homes emerging such as Frank Lloyd Wright’s “Prairie Style” homes. These were primarily one floor, but were large, architect-designed custom homes. Some had small upper stories.

1900

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From the 1950s until today, we have seen five basic housing types - based on the number of stories. They are the

Ranch - 1 story
Cape Cod - 1-½ story
Two-story
Split level - multi levels
Split entry (sometimes called a split foyer, bi-level, or raised ranch) - one story with finished basement (Note: Marshall & Swift refers to this type as a “two story bi-level”)

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Style can be influenced by:

Colors
Roof style
Roofing materials
Window types
Building shape

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In _____, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac created the ______________ (UAD) which is a set of standardized reporting requirements used in residential mortgage lending appraisal reports.

2011; uniform appraisal dataset

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One of the UAD protocols is that the appraiser must identify the ____________style of the subject property and comparable sales.

architectural

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Categories of commercial buildings

Class A - fireproofed steel frame
Class B - reinforced concrete frame
Class C - masonry or reinforced concrete
Class D - wood or steel studs
Class S - pre-engineered structural; members

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A factory-built house manufactured under the Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1976, commonly known as the HUD Code.

Manufactured Home

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No manufactured home may leave the factory unless it complies with the ___ Code and is released for shipment by an independent third party inspector, certified by HUD.

HUD

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A _____ plate (also sometimes called compliance certificate) is installed inside the home with the name of the manufacturer, list of factory installed equipment, and the roof load and insulation zones.

Data

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A factory-built house built in compliance with a building code other than the HUD Code. This usually means that the home is constructed to the standards of the state or local building code used by the governmental unit where the house is to be located. Note that the California Factory-Built Housing Program uses the term factory-built housing (FBH) in place of the term modular home

Modular Home

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Both types of homes are built by assembly techniques in factories and then transported to the site. Sometimes _______ homes are even constructed on the same assembly line as HUD code ______ homes.

modular; manufactured

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The ______________ home is constructed on a permanent steel chassis and has wheels and axles. It is meant to be hauled down the highway and arrives 100% finished. The sections are joined together at the site and it is complete. Most significantly, it is built to meet the HUD Code.

manufactured

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A ________ home is built in sections, called boxes, which are lifted onto a truck and transported to the site. The boxes are lifted off with a crane, or rolled off, onto the foundation. Then the boxes have to be joined and finishing work performed at the site. This home is built to meet state and local codes, not the HUD Code.

modular

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Total area of finished, above-grade residential space; calculated by measuring the outside perimeter of the structure and includes only finished, habitable, above-grade living space

Gross Living Area

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The most common comparison for one-unit properties is the above-grade _____ ________ ____

gross living area

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A level is considered ______-grade if any portion of it is below-grade - regardless of the quality of its finish or the window area of any room. A walk-out basement with finished rooms ________ be included in the above-grade room count.

below; wouldn’t

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For units in condo or co-op projects, the appraiser must use interior ______ unit dimensions to calculate the gross living area. In all other instances, the appraiser must use the _______ building dimensions per floor to calculate the above-grade gross living area of a property.

perimeter; exterior

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Rooms that are not included in the above-grade room count may add substantially to the value of a property-particularly when the quality of the finish is ______.

high

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The appraiser must report the _______ or other partially below-grade areas separately and make appropriate adjustments for them on the ‘basement and finished areas below-grade’ line in the ‘sales comparison analysis’ grid

basement

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Total floor area of a building, excluding unenclosed areas, measured from the exterior of the walls of the above grade area. This includes mezzanines and basements if and when typically included in the market area of the type of property involved.

Gross Building Area

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GBA is used in measuring ____ - ____ unit residential properties. It is also sometimes used in measuring commercial buildings, such as office buildings. Depending on the situation, it may include some __________ areas or common areas such as hallways.

2-4; unfinished

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When appraising 2-4 family residential properties, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, HUD/FHA and VA require an appraiser to use ______ _________ ___

gross building area

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Fannie Mae will accept the use of other comparisons for two- to four-unit properties (such as the total above-grade and below-grade areas) provided the appraiser:

explains the reasons he or she did not use a gross building area comparison, and
clearly describes the comparisons that were made.

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What to take note of before construction:

``` Direction of sun How the sun travels seasonally House orientation Home doesn't have to face true south Prevailing wind patterns Topography Sloping lots Soil conditions Drainage capacity of soil Legal Restrictions ```

Soil maps are available from the

Natural Resources Conservation Service

There may also be __________ on building in a flood hazard area.

restrictions

There may be required distances between the well and septic system - most codes call for at least 100 feet. FHA requires that the well be a minimum of 50 feet from the septic tank, 100 feet from the septic drain field and at least 10 feet from a property line.

100; 50

A ________ area for family activities, such as a pool, patio, deck, play areas such as swing sets, horseshoe pits, etc. This is usually in the rear yard and may be fenced in or screened with shrubbery or trees.

private

A ______ area, usually in the front yard, which contains the guest entrance and driveway.

public

A ______ area that allows for semi-public area for deliveries, trash removal, meter readers, fuel trucks, mail delivery, etc.

service

Some ______ tasks that need to be done before construction include clearing the building site of rocks, trees and stumps, and any debris. Then the property needs to be rough ______. The topsoil should be stripped off and ______ to put back later.

physical; graded; saved

Legal considerations that need to be accomplished include:

``` Obtain a building permit Check applicable codes Building codes Fire codes Check environmental regulations Wetlands Protected areas Hazard areas Check flood plain Curb cut permit or driveway permit (if needed) ```

The HUD label on a manufactured home - is not found in today's new manufactured homes - is optional and not important - is a metal tag on the outside of the home - is a sticker found inside the home

is a metal tag on the outside of the home

True or False: Modular homes have no permanently attached tags or labels that identify them as modular homes.

True

Which type of home is built to meet the HUD Code? manufactured home modular home both manufactured and modular homes all new homes built in the U.S. since 2005

manufactured home

``` Fannie Mae states that in calculating the gross living area (GLA) of a detached home, an appraiser must use __________ measurements. interior exterior exact, to 1/10 of an inch estimated ```

exterior

The foundation system serves three purposes:

It distributes the weight of the building over the ground, anchors the building to the ground, and protects the wood in the house structure from decay and insect attack.

3 components that make up a foundation system

The soil bed Footings Foundation wall or piers

________ need to be at least a foot below average frost penetration levels. This "_____ _____" varies all over the country, from zero in Key West, Florida, to eight feet or better in Lake Placid, New York. The footings need to be on ________, unfilled ground.

Footings; Frost-line; undisturbed

Footings should be ______ as wide as the foundation wall and as deep as the wall is wide. Depending on the soil conditions and local codes, they may or may not have ______ reinforcing rods (rebar).

twice; metal

______ footing pads also need to be constructed on the interior of the foundation wherever posts will be employed to support the floor beams

small

In most of the South and Southwest, the ____________ slab-on-grade foundation is preferred over basements or crawl spaces. It is the quickest and cheapest way to install a foundation. Frost heaving is not a consideration in these regions.

monolithic

The interior of the perimeter walls will be filled with compacted _____ and/or _____, depending on the nature of the soil.

gravel; sand

It is important to drain water away from the house so it doesn't collect against the ________ and ultimately seep in. Drains made of __-inch perforated plastic pipe are laid outside and below the level of the footings. They are laid in crushed stone and covered with a fabric filter to keep dirt from _______ the pipes.

foundation; 4; clogging

oday most foundations are constructed of poured concrete or concrete block. The most common is _______ _______, although in some areas of the country, concrete block may be more common.

poured concrete

In either form of construction, "__" shaped anchor bolts are installed when the wall is completed. This will be the method to attach the _______ to the first piece of the wooden structure, the sill plates.

J; masonry

_________ are the main support beams and are set in pockets that were formed in the top of the end walls of the foundation.

Grinders

______ are horizontal structural members, placed on edge, which carry the house loads to girders and sills. The thickness, width and spacing are determined by the live loads placed on them. They commonly are 2 x 10's or 2 x 12's.

Joists

A good way to combat floor squeaks and improve structural rigidity is to glue the ________ down to the joists and use tongue and groove plywood.

plywood

Balloon framing was introduced around ______ in America.but by the 1930s and 1940s, balloon framing was _______ in many municipalities.

1850; outlawed

Balloon framing has been replaced by

Platform framing

With platform framing, the studs run

a story high

Studs are mounted ______ in platform framing

vertically

In platform framing, the top of the studs is a double ____ ____

top plate

Sheathing is applied to:

``` Strengthen the structure Provide a nailing surface for siding Combat air infiltration Form a moisture barrier Provide some insulation ```

The most common sheathing is

insulating foam sheathing

What is stucco?

Lime based mortar finish applied to a wall

Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) is sometimes known as

synthetic stucco

Masonry construction is also popular, in many varieties:

Brick Stone Concrete block Poured concrete

The slope of the roof is described as a precise relationship of the ____ over _____. The ____ is how high it goes up vertically over a certain horizontal ____.

rise; run; rise; run

If the roof rises 4 inches as it goes 12 inches sideways - the _____ or pitch of the roof is 4 over 12 or 4/12.

slope

Most new construction today employs ______ composition shingles to roofs

fiberglass

``` The main support beams for a home are called timbers girders sill plates pockets ```

girders

A monolithic slab on grade foundation - is not permitted anywhere in the U.S. due to building code restrictions - requires a separate footing that is usually 4-5 feet deep - is very common in the North and Northeast - is essentially one giant footing

Is essentially one giant footing

True or False: Balloon framing has replaced platform framing as a modern building technique.

False

Roof slope is expressed as ____________ over ___________. feet, inches rise, run area, weight size, strength

rise, run

This stands for Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning.

HVAC systems

Some materials transfer energy more quickly and are called

conductors

Poor conductors, or _______, include plastic and air

insulators

Ventilation goes hand in hand with

insulation

Ventilation methods include:

``` Attic fans Kitchen fans Vents - basement and crawl space Attic - ridge vents, perforated soffits Louvers Cupolas Mechanical air exchangers ```

The advantages of Low - E glass are

Better heat insulation Reduced carbon dioxide into the atmosphere Reduced condensation on the interior

Low Emittance, or also known as _______, glass has a coating on the inside to reflect it back.

Low- E

Up until about _____, all houses were heated by fireplaces.

1840

The modern "central" heating system with one central furnace didn't appear until around

1880

The next generation of heating systems had ducts and multiple registers in the floor, but there were no fans. The air simply rose when warmed. Because of its configuration, it was known as an

octopus system

For many years, the warm air furnaces were "ductless". They were known as _____furnaces.

gravity

This air system employs fans to move the air around and ducts to supply heat to every room. The air can also be filtered or humidified. Most common today.

Modern forced warm air system

In this system, water is heated in a boiler and sent through pipes to each room, where it gives off heat through convectors.

Hot water heat

In this system, electricity is sent through a resistor, which causes it to heat up. Air passes over the heated surface and warms the room by convection. In some cases fans are also employed to move the air around.

Electric Heat

This type of heat was utilized in the 1950s and 1960s but the technology was not too advanced and there were maintenance problems. We are seeing a resurgence of popularity today in new construction - but obviously, it's hard to retrofit.

Radiant heat

This type of heating is simply reversible air conditioners. They can heat in the winter and cool in the summer. They use a refrigerant to pick up and discharge heat.

Heat pumps

This type of heat usually employ high density polyethylene pipe. It is buried four to six feet deep for horizontal applications and may run from 100 to 500 feet deep for vertical applications. The pipes are filled with water or a non-toxic antifreeze solution. The most energy efficient.

Geothermal Heat Pumps

These systems encompass two main systems: the distribution system and the drain/waste/vent (DWV) system. In addition, there may be a third sub-system with hot water or solar heating.

Plumbing systems

This system brings water, under pressure, into the house - usually through a ¾-inch or one-inch line. This divides before going through the water heater into cold and hot water distribution lines that run to each fixture or appliance. Better quality systems use ¾-inch main lines and ½-inch branch lines. Lesser quality installations use ½-inch throughout.

Distribution system

This is flexible and permitted for cold water use only. It should not be utilized for distribution lines within the house, but works well to bring in the water from the supply, i.e., from the well or the public water system.

Polyethylene "Black Plastic"

This pipe is similar to polyethylene but has had poor acceptance with many codes due to earlier fitting problems.

Polybutylene

Rigid plastic pipe includes

PVC and CPVC

This type of plumbing is becoming more common in today's new construction. This flexible plumbing product allows for long plumbing runs with fewer (or no) joints or fittings, which means less chance of leaking.

Cross linked polethylene (PEX)

Cross linked polyethylene (PEX)

Around ___%of American homes have their own private water supply. Some areas with high water tables lend themselves to hand-dug wells or use of naturally occurring spring

______ pumps use suction to lift the water. ______ pumps are preferable.

Piston; submersible

How many houses in America use private septic tanks?

Abour one third

In ______ septic systems, the sewage leaves the house through a 4-inch line and goes to the septic tank

modern

``` Voltage = ? Amperage = ? ```

``` Voltage = Pressure Amperage = Volume ```

This is the total amount of electricity that you have available

Amperage

The earliest type of wiring in a house was called

knob and tube

This was used for a short period of time in the mid-50s, due to a shortage of copper during the Korean War.

Aluminum Wiring

Since the 1960s, the most popular wires have been plastic-coated non-metallic wire known as

Romex

True or false: Heat pumps are essentially reversible air conditioners.

True

The air cavity between window panes is often insulated by filling it with _________ gas. radon hydrogen argon helium

argon

In a home's plumbing system, grey water comes from the home's main water supply lines sinks and laundry commodes plumbing leaks inside the walls

sinks and laundry

The most common type of heat system in new construction today is hot water forced warm air geothermal heat pump active solar

forced warm air

What type of wiring is most commonly found in new residential construction? knob and tube plastic coated or Romex armored cable or BX insulated aluminum wiring

plastic coated or Romex

The results of a __________ test will determine if there is suitable drainage and the size of the drain field that will be required for a septic system. drainage soil bearing absorption percolation

Percolation

Freon R-22 was banned from use in HVAC systems in new construction because central air conditioning is no longer permitted in new homes it is inefficient as a refrigerant material it damages the ozone layer it was tested on animals

damages the ozone layer

Which is NOT a purpose of sheathing in new construction? strengthen the structure provide a nailing surface provide decorative detail form a vapor barrier

provide decorative detail

Which is NOT a method of ventilation? electric radiant roof vent cupola kitchen fan

Electric raidiant

What is the most common type of framing today? platform frame balloon frame log frame post and beam

platform frame

U-shaped, water-filled pipes that keep sewer gases from venting back into the house are called: Traps J-bolts Baffles Riser pipes

Traps

Gross living area should NOT include: A second floor laundry room A basement family room A first floor half-bath A foyer closet

A basement Family room

Which type of foundation wall would use a keyway in its construction? stone brick concrete block poured concrete

poured concrete

You are appraising a single-unit detached dwelling. How would you measure the gross living area? Using exterior measurements Using interior measurements By estimating the length of the walls and rounding to the nearest foot By including all enclosed areas

using exterior measurements

According to the EPA, ______________systems are the “most energy efficient, environmentally clean, and cost effective space conditioning systems available.” electric heat pumps gas hot air burners electric radiant heat geothermal heat exchange systems

geothermal heat exchange systems

Which is NOT part of the foundation system of a house? soil bed joists footings foundation wall

joists

Which of these is the most recent type of siding? wood aluminum fiber-cement vinyl

fiber cement

The Natural Resources Conservation Service produces soil maps that are based on soil samples topographic maps aerial maps flood maps

aerial maps

A __________ home has a permanent steel chassis, wheels and axles. manufactured modular pre-cut panelized

manufactured

``` A roof has a pitch of 4 to 12. For every three feet the roof goes sideways, it goes up ________. One foot Two feet Four feet 12 feet ```

one foot

``` Which was NOT true of early pipeless furnaces? They had fans They employed ceiling grates They worked by gravity They were not very efficient ```

they had fans

When calculating the gross living area of a dwelling, you would NOT include: The stairs from the first floor to the second floor Closets Interior hallways Covered porches

covered porches

``` Marshall & Swift categorizes reinforced concrete frame commercial structures as Class A B C S ```

``` Most residential new construction today employs _____________ shingles. slate fiberglass wood metal ```

fiberglass

``` An expansion tank is part of which type of heating system? electric baseboard hot air hot water heat pump ```

hot water

``` Footings should be __________ as wide as the _______________. at least, sill plate twice, slab is deep twice, foundation wall three times, sill plate ```

twice, foundation wall

``` The earliest framing method was platform frame balloon frame steel frame post and beam ```

post and beam

``` Which of these is NOT a source of grey water in a house? Bathroom sink Shower Toilet Laundry ```

toilet

``` With regard to electricity, amperage is equal to: pressure volume the speed of light number of circuits ```

volume

“Total area of finished, above-grade residential space; calculated by measuring the outside perimeter of the structure and includes only finished, habitable, above-grade living space” is the definition of gross building area gross living area gross rentable area gross finished area

gross living area