Chapter 4 - A long and illustrious history Flashcards
(240 cards)
1
Q
Early Britain - Stone Age
A
The first people in England were hunter-gatherers.
Britain was connected to the mainland by a land bridge, giving people freedom of movement to hunt deer and horses.
Britain became separated from the continent by the Channel about 10,000 years ago
2
Q
Early Britain - Stone Age
First Farmers
A
The first farmers arrived in Britain 6,000 years ago, and they probably came originally from south-east Europe.
The built houses, tombs and monuments.
3
Q
Stonehenge
A
Monument built by Stone Age farmers. It is in Wiltshire and it is probably a special gathering place for seasonal ceremonies.
4
Q
Other Stone Age sites that survived
Skara Brae
A
Skara Brae on Orkney (north coast of Scotland), is the best preserved pre-historic village in northern Europe, and lead archaeologists to understand better how people in the Stone Age lived.
5
Q
Bronze Age
A
About 4,000 years ago, people learned how to make bronze.
they lived in roundhouses and buried their dead in round barrows.
People in this age were accomplished metal workers, and made beautiful objects in gold and bronze (tools, ornaments, weapons)
6
Q
Iron Age
A
People learned how to make weapons and tools out of iron.
People still lived in Roundhouses, but grouped together in larger settlements, and defended sites called hill forts.
People were farmers, craft workers or warriors.
Spoke a language that was part of Celtic. Some parts of Wales, Scotland and Ireland still speak it.
First time coin was minted in Britain, inscribed with the names of Iron Age Kings.
7
Q
Maiden Castle
A
A hill fort in Dorset, can still be seen today.
8
Q
The Romans
A
Julius Caesar led a Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC, but it was unsuccessful and Britain remained free from the Roman Empire for nearly 100 years after that.
43 AD Emperor Claudius led a new invasion, and they were successful and occupied almost all of Britain.
9
Q
Boudicca
A
Queen of the Iceni (eastern England) was one of the tribal leaders who fought against the Romans.
She is still remembered today, and there is a statue of her in Westminster Bridge in London, near the Houses of Parliament.
10
Q
The Romans - Scotland
A
Scotland was never conquered by the Romans.
Emperor Hadrian built a wall to keep the Picts (ancestors of the Scottish people away.
There were some forts along the wall: Housesteads and Vindolanda (can still be seen).
It is a popular area for walkers and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation)
11
Q
Roman influence
A
The Romans remained in Britain for 400 years.
They built roads and public buildings, created a structure of law, new plants and animals.
New Christian communities arrived in Britain during the 3rd and 4th centuries.
12
Q
The Anglo-Saxons
A
The Romans left Britain in AD 410 to defend other part of the Empire.
So Britain was then invaded by: he Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons.
The languages they spoke were the base of modern-day English.
AD 600 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established in Britain, mainly in England.
Parts of the West of Britain, Wales and Scotland remained free from Anglo-Saxon rule
13
Q
Sutton Hoo
A
In modern day Suffolk, is a burial place of one of the Anglo-Saxon kings.
The king was buried with treasure and armour, placed in a ship and covered by a mound of earth.
14
Q
Anglo-Saxon Christians and Missionaries
A
Missionaries came to Britain to preach Christianity.
Missionaries from Ireland spread he religion in the north, most famously St Patrick, who became a patron saint of Ireland.
Columba founded a monastery in the island of Iona, off the coast of Scotland.
St Augustine led missionaries from Rome and spread Christianity in the south. He became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.
15
Q
The Vikings
A
Came from Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
They raided Britain in AD 789, took goods and slaves.
Anglo-Saxon kings united under King Alfred the Great and defeated the Vikings.
16
Q
Vikings - Danelaw
A
Some Vikings stayed in Britain and formed their own communities, specially in the east and north of England, in an area called the Danelaw.
Places such as Grimsby and Scunthorpe come from the Viking language.
Viking settlers mixed with local communities and some converted to Christianity.
17
Q
Cnut/Canute
A
Danish King who ruled in England in a short period where it was ruled by Danish kings.
18
Q
Kenneth MacAlpin
A
Anglo-Saxon king who united people in the north to fight against the Vikings.
The term Scotland started to be used to describe that country.
19
Q
The Norman Conquest
The Battle of Hastings
A
In 1066, William, the Duke of Normandy defeated Harold, an Anglo-Saxon king in the Battle of Hastings.
William became the king of England, William the Conqueror.
20
Q
Bayeux Tapestry
A
Piece of embroidery that commemorates the Battle of Hastings. It can still be seen in France today.
21
Q
The Norman Conquest
The last successful foreign invasion
A
It led to many changes in the government and social structures of England.
Norman French became the new language.
The Normans also conquered Wales, but the Welsh gradually conquered territory back.
22
Q
The Scots and the Normans
A
They fought on the border of England and Scotland. The Normans took some of the border, but never invaded Scoland.
23
Q
William the Conqueror
Domesday Book
A
William sent people all over England to draw up lists of all the towns and villages, the people who lived there and what they owned.
This was called the Domesday Book. It still exists today and gives a picture of society in England after the Norman Conquest.
24
Q
The Middle Ages
War at home and abroad
A
Medieval period, goes from the end of he Roman Empire (AD 476) up until 1485.
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The Middle Ages
War at home and abroad - Period after the Normal Conquest
The period right after the Norman Conquest was of almost constant war.
The English kings fought with the Welsh, Scottish and Irish noblemen for control of their lands.
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The Middle Ages
War at home and abroad - Statute of Rhuddlan
In 1284, King Edward I of England introduced this Statute, which annexed Wales to the Crown of England.
Castles were built to maintain this power: Conwy and Caernarvon.
Mid 15th century, the last Welsh rebellions were defeated.
English law and language were introduced.
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The Middle Ages
War at home and abroad - Scotland, the Battle of Bannockburn
English kings were less successful in Scotland.
In 1314, Robert the Bruce defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn, and Scotland remained unconquered by the English.
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The Middle Ages
War at home and abroad - Ireland, The Pale
At the beginning of the Middle Ages, Ireland was independent.
English troops went to Ireland to help the Irish Kind and remained there in their own settlements.
The area called the Pale, around Dublin, was ruled by the English. Some parts of Ireland accepted the rule of the king of England.
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The Middle Ages
War at home and abroad - wars abroad
The Crusades: European Christians fought for control of the Holy Land.
Hundred Years War: war with France, which lasted 116 years. Battle of Agincourt was the most famous battle in 1415, where the outnumbered army of Henry V defeated the French.
The English left France in 1450.
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Feudalism
Feudalism
King would give land to lords so that they would help with war.
Landowners would send their men to serve in the army, they were peasants, but mostly serfs.
They had a small are of their lord's land where they could grow food. They would work for the lord and could not move away
31
The Black Death
1348, a disease/plague.
One third of the population in England died, and a similar proportion in Scotland and Wales.
There were less people, therefore less crops, but also less need for crops.
There were labour shortages, so peasants started demanding higher wages.
In Ireland, many people living in the Pale died, so the area controlled by the English became smaller.
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Gentry
New social class that appeared. They were owners of large areas of land.
People left the countryside to live in towns, where a strong middle class was developed, due to growing wealth.
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Legal and Political Changes
Parliament began to develop in what it is today in the Middle Ages.
It started as the king's council of advisers (noblemen and important men of the church)
34
Magna Carta
| Limits to the king's power until 1215
In 1215, King John had to agree to a number of demands.
then the Magna Carta established that the king was subject to law too. It protected the rights of the nobility and restricted the king's power when it came to collect taxes or change laws.
Noblemen had to be involved in decisions.
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Magna Carta
| Parliaments
in England, there were parliaments for the king to consult his nobles when there was a need to raise money.
2 Houses in the Parliaments:
House
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2 Houses in the Parliaments:
House of Lords: nobility, great land owners, bishops.
House of Commons: smaller landowners, wealthy people from towns and cities.
Only a small part of the population could elect the members of the Commons.
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3 Houses in the Parliaments of Scotland:
The Lords
The Commons
The Clergy
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Magna Carta
The development of the legal system
This was also the time that saw the development in the legal system.
Judges were independent and 'common law' was established, which follows a process of precedence and tradition.
In Scotland it developed slightly differently, and laws were codified, that is, written down.
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A distinct identity
Language
After the Normal Conquest, there was development of national culture and identity.
The king and his noblemen spoke Norman French and the peasants continued speaking Anglo-Saxon. Both combined became the English language.
Words such as 'park' and 'beauty' came from the Norman language.
Words such as 'cow', 'apple' and 'summer' came from Anglo-Saxon.
Sometimes there are 2 words, one from each origin:
'demand' Norman French; 'ask'
English quickly became the preferred language and started being used in Parliament.
40
The Canterbury Tales
Chaucer wrote a few poems in English about a group of people going to Canterbury on a pilgrimage.
People would tell one another stories on the journey.
The poems describe the travellers and the stories they told.
It was one of the first books to be printed by William Caxton, the first person printing books using the printing press.
Some of these stories have been made into plays and tv programmes.
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Scotland - language and culture
Many people in Scotland continued speaking Gaelic and the Scots language developed.
John Barbour wrote "The Bruce" about the Battle of Bannockburn in the Scots language.
42
Types of buildings in the Middle Ages
Many castles were built in Britain and Ireland, partly for defence.
A lot are now ruins, but some, like the Windsor Castle and the Edinburgh, are still in use
Cathedrals were also built: Lincoln Cathedral (many still used for worship).
Several of these cathedrals had windows of stained glass, telling Bible stories, Christian Saints'.
The most famous is the York Minster stained glass windows.
43
England as a trading nation
England exported wool.
People came to England from abroad to trade and to work.
A lot of them had special skills: weavers from France, engineers from Germany, glass manufacturers from Italy and canal builders from Holland.
44
The War of the Roses
In 1455, there was civil war to decide who would be the next king of England, between the Houses of York and Lancaster.
This was called the War of the Roses, because the symbol of the House of Lancaster was a red rose, and the symbol of the House of York was a white rose
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The end of the War of the Roses - the Battle of Bosworth Field
In1485, King Richard III, of the House of York, was killed in this battle by the House Tudor, the leader of the House of Lancaster.
He became King Henry VII.
He then married Richard's niece, Elisabeth of York, which united the 2 families.
Henry VII was the first king of the House of Tudor. And its symbol was a read rose with a white rose inside it, to show both Houses were now allies.
46
The Tudors and Stuarts
Religious conflicts
Henry VII wanted to ensure there was peace in England, and that his position as king was secure.
He strengthened the central administration and reduced the power of the nobles.
He also increased the monarchy's financial reserves.
47
The Tudors and Stuarts
Religious conflicts - Henry VIII
He broke away from the Church of England and married 6 times.
48
The 6 wives of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon: Spanish princess, he divorced her, because he wanted a male heir, and she only gave him Mary, and she was too old to have more children.
Anne Boleyn - English, have birth to Elisabeth. She was accused of taking lovers, so she was executed at the Tower of London.
Jane Seymour - English, gave birth to Edward, but she died shortly after birth.
Anne of Cleves - German princess. He married her for political reasons, but divorced her soon after.
Catherine of Howard - Anne Boleyn's cousin. Also accused of taking lovers and was executed.
Catherine Parr - was a widow and married Henry late in his live. She outlived him, remarried, but died soon after.
49
How the Church of England was established
In order to divorce is first wife, Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII needed the Pope's approval, which he didn't get, so he broke with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
In the Church of England, it was the King and not the Pope who appointed bishops and how people should worship.
50
Reformation and the authority of the Pope
Rise of Protestantism
Reformation in Europe was also a movement against the authority of the Pope and the ideas and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.
Protestants formed their own churches, and read the Bible in their own languages and not in Latin.
There was no praying to saints or at shrines. Person's relationship with God should be submitted to the authority of the Church.
Protestant ideas gained strength in England, Wales and Scotland during the 16th Century.
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Protestantism in Ireland
Attempts of the English to impose Protestantism led to rebellion from the Irish, and much fighting followed.
52
Wales during the reign of Henry VIII
Wales became formally united with England during Henry VIII reign by the Act of the Government of Wales.
The Welsh sent representatives to the House of Commons and there was a Welsh legal system.
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Edward VI - successor of Henry VIII
The Book of Common Prayer
Edward VI was strongly Protestant.
The Book of Common Prayer was written during his reign, and it was to be used in the Church of England.
It is still in some churches today.
He died when he was 15, after having ruled for 6 years.
He was followed by his half-sister Mary.
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'Bloody Mary'
Mary was devout Catholic and persecuted Protestants.
She also died after a short reign, and her half-sister, Elisabeth, followed.
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Queen Elisabeth I
She was Protestant, re-established the Church of England.
Everyone at to attend their local church, and there were laws about the allowed types of religious services and prayers.
She managed to find a balance between the views of Catholics and the more extreme Protestants. So there was no religious conflict in England
56
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
In 1588, the English defeated the Spanish Armada, that had been sent to conquer England and restore Catholicism.
This happened under Elisabeth I, making her one of the most popular monarchs.
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The Reformation in Scotland - Protestant influence
Scotland was also influenced by Protestant ideas.
In 1560, the Scottish Parliament was predominantly Protestant and abolished the authority of the Pope in Scotland.
There was a Protestant Church of Scotland, but it wasn't the state Church.
58
Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots)
She was Catholic, and she was only 1 week old when her father died and she became Queen.
She was raised in France.
When her husband was murdered, she was suspected to be involved, so she fled to England.
The throne was given to her Protestant son, James VI of Scotland.
Mary was hoping her cousin, Elisabeth I, would help her.
There were then suspicions that she wanted to take the English throne, so Elisabeth kept her prisoner for 20 years, and then got her executed, after she was accused of plotting against Elisabeth.
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Exploration, Sir Francis Drake
The Elisabethan period was of growing patriotism.
Explorers sought new routes to expand British trade (into the Spanish Colonies and the Americas).
Francis Drake was one of the commanders in the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and was one of the founders of England's naval tradition.
The Golden Hind was his ship, and it was the first to circumnavigate the world.
At this time English settlers colonised America, particularly those who disagreed with religious views of the next 2 kings.
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Poetry and Drama
William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616)
The Elisabethan period was also known for the richness of its poetry and drama.
Shakespeare is the best known example.
He was born is Stratford-upon-Avon.
Was a playwright, actor, who wrote many plays and poems.
Famous plays: MacBeth, A Midsummer's Night Dream, Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet.
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William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616)
Quotes
Shakespeare influenced the English language a lot.
Some lines of his plays and poems are still quoted:
- Once more unto the breach (Henry V)
- To be or not to be (Hamlet)
- A rose by any other name (Romeo and Juliet)
- All the world's a stage (As you like it)
- The darling buds of May (Sonnet 18 - Shall I compare Thee to a Summer's Day)
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William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616)
The Globe Theatre in London
It's a modern copy of the theatres in which Shakespeare's plays were performed.
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James VI and I
Elisabeth had no children, so James VI of Scotland took the throne of England as James I
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King James Bible
King James I got the Bible to be newly translated into English, this was know as the 'King James Version' or the 'Authorised Version'.
IT is still used in many Portestant churches today.
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Ireland
| James I period
Over this period Ireland was mostly all Catholic.
Henry VII and Henry VIII extended English control outside the Pale, so English authority was established over the whole country.
Henry VIII had assumed the title of King of Ireland.
During Elisabethan and James I period, many opposed the Protestant government of England, and there were rebellions.
The English government encouraged English and Scottish Protestants to settle in Ireland, and they took over the land of Catholic landowners.
These settlements were called plantations.
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The Rise of Parliament
James I and his son Charles I were less skilled than Elizabeth managing Parliament, because they both believed in the 'Divine Right of Kings', as in the king was directly appointed by God to rule.
they didn't think they needed the Parliaments approval.
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The Rise of Parliament
Charles I
When he inherited the thrones of England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland he tried to rule without the Parliament, when they didn't agree with his political and religious policies.
He managed to rule 11 years like this, but then there was trouble with Scotland, and he had to recall the Parliament for help.
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The Beginning of the English Civil War
Charles I introduced the Prayer Book, as he wanted there to be more ceremony in the Church of England.
He tried to introduce it to the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, which caused a lot of unrest.
Charles I couldn't raise money for an army to defend him from the Scottish army. He tried, but then in 1640, he had to recall the Parliament to ask for funds.
The Parliament refused to help and allowed the Scottish army to invade England.
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The Beginning of the English Civil War
| cont
In Ireland, the Roman Catholics were afraid of the growing power of the Puritans.
In the meantime, the Parliament took control of the English army.
Charles I entered the House of Commons and tried to arrest5 parliamentary leaders, but they had been warned and were no there. No monarch had ever been to the House of Commons before.
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Begin of Civil War in 1642
Parliament and king began Civil War.
The Cavaliers supported the king.
The Roundheads supported the Parliament.
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Oliver Cromwell and the English Republic
The king's army was defeated in the Battles of Marston Moor and Naseby.
The Parliament had won the war by 1646, and Charles was held prisoner. And in 1649 he was executed, as he didn't reach agreement with Parliament.
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Oliver Cromwell and the English Republic
After Charles I was executed, England declared itself a Republic, called the Commonwealth.
One of the army generals, Oliver Cromwell, was sent to Ireland, as there was a revolt in 1641, as there was a Royalist Army still there. He successfully imposed the Parliament authority, but with such violence, he is still controversial there today.
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Charles II
The Scots had no agreed to the execution of Charles I and declared his son Charles II to be king, and he was crowned king of Scotland.
He led a Scottish army to England, but Cromwell defeated him at the Battles of Dunbar and Worcester.
Charles II escaped Worcester hiding in an oak tree, and then fled to Europe.
So the English Parliament controlled England, Wales and Scotland.
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Oliver Cromwell - Lord Protector
Oliver Cromwell was declared Lord Protector and ruled until he died in 1658.
His son Richard then became Lord Protector, but he wasn't able to control the army or the government.
People wanted stability, and began to talk about the need for a king.
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The Restoration - Charles II
In May 1660, Parliament invited Charles II to come back from the Netherlands, and he was crowned Charles II of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
He understood that he sometimes needed to reach agreement with the Parliament.
Parliament generally supported his policies.
Church of England became official, and Roman Catholics and Puritans were kept out of power.
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Plague in London, 1665
Thousands of people died, specially in the poorest areas.
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Fire of London, 1666
A great fire destroyed London, many churches, including St. Paul's Cathedral.
Sir Christopher Wren rebuilt the new St. Paul's Cathedral.
Samuel Pepys wrote about these events in a diary published later, which is still read today.
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Habeas Corpus Act 1679
Important piece of Legislation which is still relevant today.
In Latin this means 'you must present the person in court'.
This Act guaranteed that no one could be held prisoner unlawfully, and that every prisoner has the right to a court hearing.
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Royal Society
Charles II was interested in science, so during his reign, the Royal Society was formed to promote 'natural knowledge'.
It's the oldest surviving scientific society in the world.
Early famous members: Sir Edmund Halley (predicted the return of Comet Halley); and Sir Isaac Newton
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Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
Born in Lincolnshire, studied in Cambridge.
Published "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which showed how gravity applied to the whole universe.
He also discovered that light is made up of all the colours of the rainbow.
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A Catholic King
Charles II had no legitimate children. He died in 1685 and his brother, James (a Roman Catholic) became King James II in England, Wales and Ireland and King James VII of Scotland.
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A Catholic King - James II
He allowed Catholics to be army officers, which was forbidden by an Act of Parliament. But he didn't seek agreements with the Parliament and got some Church of England bishops arrested.
His 2 daughters were Protestant, so there was hope the next monarch would be Protestant, but then he had a son.
83
The Glorious Revolution
Mary, James II eldest daughter, was a Protestant and married William of Orange, the Protestant ruler of the Netherlands.
In 1688, Protestants in England asked William to invade England and proclaim himself king.
He did so, and there was no resistance.
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The Glorious Revolution
| William III
William took over the throne, and James fled to France.
He became William III of England, Wales and Ireland; and William II of Scotland.
He ruled jointly with Mary.
This was called the 'Glorious Revolution' because there was no fighting and because it guaranteed the power of the Parliament.
85
The Battle of Boyne (Ireland 1690)
James II wanted to regain the throne, so he invaded Ireland with a French army.
William defeated James there at the Battle of Boyne in Ireland 1690. This is still celebrated in Northern Ireland today.
James fled back to France, and William reconquered Ireland.
there were many restrictions to Catholics there, and they were unable to take part in the government.
86
the Glorious Revolution - Scotland
There were many supporters of James in Scotland.
There was a rebellion in Killiecrankie, but it was quickly defeated.
Scottish clans were forced to formally accept William and take oath.
The MacDonald's of Glencoe were late doing this, and were all killed.
This made the Scots distrust the government.
87
Kings James
James I of England -----> James VI of Scotland
James II of England -----> James VII of Scotland
William III of England -----> William II of Scotland
88
The Jacobites
James continued having supporters in Scotland, and thought he was the rightful king. Some joined him in exile.
His supporters were called the Jacobites.
89
A Global Power
Constitutional Monarchy - the Bill of Rights (1689)
Confirmed the rights of the Parliament and the limits of the king's power.
Parliament took control of who the monarch would be and that they must be a Protestant.
New Parliament to be elected every 3 years (later it became 7 and now is 5).
Monarch had to ask Parliament every year for funding for the army and the navy.
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Houses in Parliament and the King's advisers
In order for the monarch to rule effectively and gain the Parliament's agreement, they would need advisers, or ministers, to ensure the majority of votes in the House of Commons and the House of Lords
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The Parliament
| The Whigs and the Tories
The Whigs and the Tories (as the modern Conservative Party is till referred to) were the 2 main groups in Parliament.
This was the beginning of party politics.
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Free Press (1695)
In 1695, newspapers were allowed to operate without a government license, so a lot more began publishing.
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Constitutional Monarchy
The laws passed after the Glorious Revolution are the beginning of that is called 'constitutional monarchy.
even though the monarch remained important, they could no longer insist on particular policies or actions if Parliament didn't agree.
After William III, the ministers became gradually more important than the monarch. but this was not yet democracy in its modern sense.
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Constitutional Monarchy
Voters
Pocket boroughs and Rotten boroughs
There were still very few people who could vote for members of Parliament.
Only men who owned property of a certain size could vote.
No women could vote.
Pocket boroughs: constituencies that were controlled by a single wealthy family
Rotten boroughs: constituencies that hardly had any voters
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A growing population
Many people left Britain and Ireland to settle in new colonies in America and other colonies.
Others came to live in Britain as well.
First Jews came to England and settled in London in 1656.
Between 1680 and 1720 many refugees, called the Huguenots came from France. they were persecuted for being Protestant.
Many of them were educated: scientists, bankers, weavers and other crafts.
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The Act of treaty of Union in Scotland
Queen Anne, William's and Mary's successor, had no surviving children, which created uncertainty.
The Act of Union, known as the the Treaty of Union in Scotland, agreed in 1707, created the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Although Scotland was no longer independent, it kept its own legal and education systems and Presbyterian Church.
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The Prime Minister
Queen Anne died in 1714 and Parliament chose a German king as the next monarch, George I, as he was Anne's closest Protestant relative.
The Jacobites tried to put James II on the throne once again, but failed.
George I didn't speak very good English, so he needed to rely on his ministers even more. The most important minister became the Prime Minister
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The first Prime Minister - Sir Robert Warpole
He was Prime Minister between 1721 and 1742.
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The Rebellion of the Clans
Battle of Culloden, 1746
In 1745 there was another attempt to put another Stuart king on the throne, instead of George II.
Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), James II grandson.
He was supported by clansmen from Scottish highlands and he raised an army.
He succeeded initially, but was defeated by George II's army at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. Charles had to escape back to France.
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Decrease of clan's influence
After Culloden, Chieftains lost a lot of their power and influence.
They became landlords if they had the favour of the English king, and clansmen became tenants who had to pay for the land they used.
101
Highland Clearances
Process that involved many Scottish landlords destroying individual small farms (crofts) to make space for large flocks of sheep and cattle.
Evictions became common in the early 19th century.
Many Scottish left to America at this time.
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Robert Burns
| 1759-1796
Known as 'the Bard' in Scotland, he was a Scottish poet who wrote in Scots language, English with some Scottish words and standard English
He revised traditional songs, changing or adding lyrics. most famously Auld Lang Syne, which is sung all over in the UK when celebrating Hogmanay (New Year in Scotland).
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The Enlightenment - 18th Century
New ideas about philosophy, politics, and science.
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The Enlightenment - Adam Smith
New ideas about Economics, which are still referred to today.
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The Enlightenment - David Hume
Ideas about human nature that continue influencing philosopher's today.
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The Enlightenment - James Watt
His work on the steam power, helped the progress of the Industrial Revolution.
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Principles of the Enlightenment
Everyone should have the right to their own political and religious beliefs and that the state shouldn't dictate them.
This is still an important principle in the UK today.
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the Industrial Revolution
Before the 18th Century, Agriculture was the highest source of employment.
But the Industrial Revolution brought rapid development of industry in Britain, and Britain was the first country to industrialise at a large scale.
This was due to machinery development and the use of steam power.
Many people moved to the countryside to work in mining and manufacturing industries.
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The Bessemer process
Process of mass production of steel led for shipbuilding and railways.
Manufacturing became the main source of employment in Britain.
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Richard Arkwright (1732-1792)
Trained as a barber, he dyed hair and made wigs.
He then started working in textiles, and improved the original carding machine (process of preparing fibres for spinning into yarn and fabric).
He also developed horse-driven spinning mills that used only one machine, which made production more efficient and increased it.
He ran his factories efficiently and in a profitable way.
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Enlightenment - improvements
Better transport, which was needed to transport raw materials and manufactured goods.
There were canals built to link factories to towns and cities and ports, specially the areas in the middle and the north of England.
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Working conditions under the Industrial Revolution
There were no laws to protect employees, who often had to work long hours and under poor conditions.
Children worked in the same conditions as adults, sometimes even more harshly.
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Colonisation Overseas
| James Cook
Captain James Cook mapped the coast of Australian and a few colonies were established there then.
Britain also gained control of Canada, and he East India Company, gaining control of large part of India.
Also colonies began to established in south Africa.
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Britain - trade
Britain started trading with the rest of the world.
Imported goods:
North America and West Indies: sugar and tobacco.
India and Indonesia: textiles, tea and spices
115
Trading and conflict
Trading sometimes brought Britain into conflict with other countries, especially France, as they were expanding in a similar way in many of the same areas in the world.
116
Sake Dean Mahomet (1759-1851)
Grew up in Bengal, and served in their army.
Came to Britain in 1782.
Moved to Ireland and got eloped with an Irish girl called Jane Daly in 1786.
He got back to England in 1810 and opened the Hindoostane Coffee House in George Street, in London.
it was the first curry house to open in Britain.
He and his wife also introduced 'shampooing', the Indian art of head massage.
117
The Slave Trade
Slavery was illegal in Britain itself, but it was established overseas in the 18th century, dominated by Britain and the American colonies.
Slaves came mostly from West Africa, and travelled on British ships in horrible conditions. They were taken to America and the Caribbean, were they were made to work in tobacco and sugar plantations.
118
Opposition to the Slave Trade - Quakers late 1700s
The Quakers petitioned Parliament to ban slavery.
119
William Wilberforce
Evangelical Christian and member of Parliament, who played an important role in the changing the law.
120
Abolitionists
Together with William Wilberforce, they succeeded in turning public opinion against the slave trade.
In 1807, it became illegal to trad slaves in British ships or from British ports.
121
Emancipation Act (1833)
Abolished slavery in the British Empire.
The Royal Navy stopped slave ships from other countries, freed the salves and punished the traders.
122
immigration after 1833
After the Emancipation Act, 2 million Indian and Chinese workers were employed to replace the freed slaves.
They worked in tobacco and sugar plantations in the Caribbean, in the mines in South Africa, on railways in East Africa and in the army in Kenya.
123
The American War of Independence
1760 significant amount of British colonies in North America. They were healthy and in control of their own affairs.
The colonists were well educated and interested in ideas of liberty, after having gone there for religious freedom.
the British Empire wanted to tax the colonies, and the colonists saw this an attack to their freedom and claimed there should be 'no taxation without representation' in the British Parliament.
Parliament removed some of the taxes, but the relationship was already damaged.
124
1776 - 13 American colonies declared independence
They claimed they had the right to establish their own governments.
The colonists eventually defeated the British army in 1783. when Britain recognised their independence.
125
War with France
there were several wars fought with France over the 18th century.
In 1789, there was a revolution and France declared war to Britain.
126
Napoleon
Napoleon continued the war with Britain, who had to fight combined French and Spanish fleets, but won the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
127
Admiral Nelson - Battle of Trafalgar
Admiral Nelson lead the British army at Trafalgar and died in battle.
There is a statue/monument dedicated to him at Trafalgar Square. in London.
128
HMS Victory
Admiral Nelson's ship, which can be visited in Portsmouth
129
The end of the wars with France, 1815
| Duke of Wellington
In 1815, Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo.
He was a known as the Iron Duke and later became the Prime Minister.
130
The Union Flag - Ireland
Ireland and the same monarch, but remained a separate country.
In 1801, it became unified with England, Scotland and Wales after the Act of Union of 1800, which created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
131
The Union Flag
One symbol of the union between England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland was the new version of the official flag, the Union Flag, often called the Union Jack.
It combines the crosses associated with each of the countries.
132
The 3 crosses of the Union Flag
- The cross of St. George, patron saint of England; it is a red cross on a white background.
- The cross of St. Andrew, patron saint of Scotland; a diagonal white cross on a blue backgroud.
- The cross of St. Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, is a diagonal red cross on a white background.
133
Welsh Flag
There is an official Welsh flag, which show a Welsh dragon.
the dragon doesn't appear in the Union Flag. because 2when it was created in 1606, the Principality of Wales was already united with England.
134
The Victorian Age
In 1837, Victoria became the Queen of the UK at the age of 18..
She reigned until 1901, she was almost 64 years old.
This was a time where the UK increased its power and influence abroad.
135
The Victorian Age
In 1837, Victoria became the Queen of the UK at the age of 18..
She reigned until 1901, she was almost 64 years old.
This was a time where the UK increased its power and influence abroad.
The middle classes became more significant and there were a number of reformers led moves to improve conditions of the poor.
136
The British Empire - Victorian Period
The British Empire grew to cover India, Australia and large parts of Africa.
It became the largest empire with an estimated population of 400 million people.
137
The British Empire - Victorian Period
People were encouraged to go overseas.
Between 1853 and 1913, 13 million British citizens left the country.
Between 1870 and 1914, around 120,000 Russian and Polish Jews came to Britain to escape persecution.
Most settle in London, Manchester and Leeds.
People from India and Africa also came to live, work and study.
138
Trade and Industry
Government implemented policies of free trade, abolishing the number of takes on imported goods.
139
Trade and Industry
| Corn Laws repelled in 1846
These laws prevented the cheap import of cheap grain.
This helped British industry, because raw materials could now be imported cheaper.
140
Trade and Industry
Working Conditions
Working conditions became better.
1947, number of hours women and children could work was limited to 10 hours a day; and there was better housing for workers.
141
Trade and Industry
Transport
Transport links improved, so people and goods come move more easily around the country.
142
Trade and Industry
Transport: George and Robert Stephenson
They were father and son and pioneered the railway engine.
Therefore there was a major expansion of the railways over the Victorian period.
There were also developments in other areas.
143
Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806 - 59)
Originally from Portsmouth.
He was an engineer and built tunnels, bridges and railway lines and ships.
He was responsible for constructing the Great Railway, which was the first one built in Britain. It runs from Paddington station to the south west of England, the West Midlands and Wales.
Many if his bridges are still in use today.
144
British Industry
It led the world in the 19th century, with the UK producing half of the world's iron, coal and cotton cloth.
It also became a centre of financial services, insurance and banking.
145
the Great Exhibition - Hyde Park (1851)
Took place at the Crystal Palace (huge building made of iron and glass) in Hyde Park.
Exhibits ranged from huge machines to handmade goods. Countries from all over the world showed their goods, but most were made in Britain.
146
The Crimean War (from 1853 to 1856)
Britain fought with Turkey and France against Russia.
It was the first to be extensively covered by the media (news and photographs).
Soldiers died of various illnesses, because the conditions were very poor. They would die of those illness, caught in hospitals, rather than war wounds.
147
The Crimean War (from 1853 to 1856)
The Victorian Cross Medal
The Victorian Cross medal was introduced during this war to honour acts of value of soldiers.
148
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Born in Italy of English parents.
Trained as a nurse in Germany at the age of 31.
In 1854, she went to Turkey to work in military hospitals, treating injured soldiers from the Crimean war.
She and her fellow nurses helped improve the conditions in hospitals, which reduced the mortality rate.
In 1860, she established the Nightingale Training School for nurses at St. Thomas Hospital in London. It was the first of its kind, and still exists today, as some of the practices she used.
Regarded as the founder of modern nursing.
149
Ireland in the 19th century
People still depended on farming, but often only owned small plots of land.
Potatos formed the diet of a large part of the population.
In the middle of the century, the potato crop failed and many died from disease and starvation.
A lot emigrated to America or to England.
By 1861, there were large populations of Irish people in Liverpool, Manchester, London and Glasgow.
150
Ireland in the 19th century
The Irish Nationalist movement
The Irish Nationalist movement grew strong over the 19th century.
Fenians: favoured complete independence.
Charles Stuart Parnell: advocated "Home Rule" in which Ireland would remain in the UK, but with its own parliament.
151
The Right to Vote
The Reform Act 1832
Wealthy industrial cities and towns grew in influence, and began demanding more political power.
The Reform Act 1832: increased greatly the number of people that could vote; and abolished the old pocket and rotten boroughs.
There were more parliamentary seats were given to towns and cities, but voting was still based on ownership and property. which meant members of working class were still unable to vote.
152
Chartists
They were campaigners who presented petitions in Parliament to demand the right to vote for the working classes.
153
Reform Act of 1867
Created more seats in Parliament, and reduced the amount of property people needed to have before they could vote.
A lot of men couldn't vote still, and women couldn't vote.
154
Women's Rights in the 19th Century
Acts of Parliament 1870 and 1882
Women had fewer rights than men.
Until 1870, when a woman married her earnings and property.
Acts of Parliament 1870 and 1882 gave wives the rights to keep their earnings and property.
155
19th and 20th Century campaigns
The "suffragettes"
Women campaigned and demonstrated for greater rights, in particular for the right to vote.
These women became known as "suffragettes".
156
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928)
Born in Manchester.
she set up the Women's Franchise League in 1889, which fought to get the vote in local elections for married women.
She also helped found the Women's Social and Political Union, in 1903. the first group that was then called the "suffragettes"
157
The Suffragettes
They used civil disobedience to protest to gain vote for women.
They chained themselves to railings, smashed windows and committed arson.
Many (including Pankhurst) went on hunger strike.
158
The Suffragettes
Women voting rights (1918)
In 1918, women over 30 were given the right to vote and the right to stand in Parliament. This was partly as recognition of women's contributions to the war effort during the First World War.
After Pankhurst's death, in 1928, women were given the right to vote at the age 21, the same as men.
159
the Future of the Empire
In 1920, some people thought Britain was benefiting from the increased trade and commerce; others thought it had become over-expanded and the conflicts were becoming drains. There were conflicts in India's north west frontier and southern Africa.
160
Boer War (1899-1902)
British went to war in South Africa with the settlers from Holland, called Boers.
Many died from the violent fighting, and many others of disease.
As some sympathised with the Boers, so the Empire's influence started to be questioned.
161
The British Empire (fall)
By the second half of the 20th century different parts of the Empire won greater freedom and autonomy from Britain.
It was mostly an orderly transition from Empire to Commonwealth, with countries being given their independence.
162
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
Was born in India and lived there in the UK and the USA.
Wrote books and poems in both India and the UK; in them he reflected that the Empire was a force of good.
In 1907, won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Books: Just So Stories; The Jungle Book
Poem, If:
"If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;
if you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
but made allowance for their doubting too;
if you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
or being lied about, don't deal in lies,
or being hated, don't give way to hating,
and yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise."
163
The 20th Century
The First World War
The beginning of the 20th Century was of optimism in the UK (better conditions and the UK was a "superpower").
On the 28th of June 1914 war broker between several countries in Europe, after the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. This led to the First World War (1914-18).
This also brought a sense of nationalism, militarism and imperialism in many European countries.
164
The First World War
The Allied Powers
Britain was part of the Allied Powers, which included: France, Russia, Japan, Belgium and Serbia. Then later Greece, Italy, Romania and the United States.
165
The First World War
British Empire
The whole British got involved in the First World War.
More than a million Indians fought on behalf of Britain in lots of different countries. Around 40,000 were killed.
Men from the West Indies, Africa, Australia, New Zeeland and Canada also fought for the British.
166
The First World War
Allies vs Central Powers
The Allies fought against the Central Powers, mainly Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and later Bulgaria.
Millions were killed and wounded, with more than 2 million British casualties.
167
The First World War
Battle of Somme (July 1916)
the end of the war
This battle resulted in about 60,000 British casualties on the first day alone.
The war ended at 11am on the 11 November 1918, the Allies won.
168
The Partition of Ireland
In 1913, the British government promised 'Home Rule' for Ireland. A self-governing Ireland with its own parliament, but still part of the UK.
Home Rule Bill was introduced in Parliament. The Protestants in the North of Ireland opposed it.
The First World Wat made the British postpone the changes in Ireland, but the Irish nationalists weren't willing to wait.
169
The Eastern Rising 1916
Uprising against the British in Dublin.
The leaders of the Uprising were executed under military law.
It was followed by a guerrilla against the British army and the police in Ireland.
170
Ireland became 2 countries (1922)
A peace treaty was signed in 1921 and the following year, Ireland became 2 countries.
Because the 6 counties in the north were mainly Protestant, they remained part of the UK, under the name Northern Ireland.
The rest of the country became the Irish Free State. In 1949, Ireland became an independent republic with its own government.
171
Ireland became 2 countries (1922)
There were people in both parts of Ireland that disagreed with the split, which led to a terror campaign in Northern Ireland and also other parts.
172
The Troubles
Conflict between those wishing full Irish independence and those who wanted to remain loyal to the British government.
173
The Inter-War Period
The Great Depression of 1929
In the early 20s conditions got better, there was more housing. But then there was the Great Depression in 1929, which made a lot of people suffer mass unemployment.
174
The Depression in the 30s
It was felt differently in different parts of the UK.
Shipbuilding was heavily affected; but new industries, such as automobile and aviation developed.
Prices declined a lot, so those in employment had more money to spend.
Car ownership doubled from 1 million to 2 million between 1930 and 1939.
Also many new houses were built.
175
The 30s cultural blossoming
Prominent writers, such as Graham Greene and Evelyn Waugh.
New economics theories published by John Maynard Keynes..
1922, the BBC started broadcasting and began the world's first regular television service since 1936.
176
The Second World War
In 1933, Adolf Hitler came into power and believed the conditions imposed by the Allies were unfair, he also wanted to conquer more land for the German people.
Even though Britain tried to avoid another war, when Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France had to declare war.
177
The Axis and Allies
The Axis powers were the fascists (Germany, Italy, and Japan)
Allies: UK, France, Poland, Australia, New Zeeland, Canada and South Africa.
178
The invasion of Poland 1939
After the invasion of Poland, in 1939, Hitler invaded Belgium and the Netherlands. He had already occupied Austria and Czechoslovakia.
In 1940, the Germans defeated the allied forces and advanced through France.
179
Dunkirk
As France was invaded, the British decided to evacuate British soldiers from France in a huge naval operation, where many civilians helped (in small pleasure and fishing boats).
More than 300,000 men were rescued from the beaches around Dunkirk. This was a successful evacuation, which gave rise to the phrase 'Dunkirk Spirit'.
180
The invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941
Until then Britain and the Empire stood almost alone against Nazi Germany.
181
'The Battle of Britain' 1940
Air battle where Britain resisted with their fighter planes: the Spitfire and the Hurricane (both designed and built in Britain).
Despite the win, the Germans continued bombing London and other cities
182
The Blitz Spirit
Britons pulling together in the face of adversity during the World War 2.
183
Winston Churchill (1874-1965)
Became a Conservative MP in 1900, but before he was a soldier and a journalist.
He became Prime Minister in May 1940.
He refused to surrender to the Germans.
He lost the General Election in 1945, but returned as a Prime Minister in 1951. He stood down at the General Election of 1964, and died in 1965, and was given a state funeral.
184
Churchill lines and speeches
'I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.'
After he became Prime Minister:
'We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.'
Speech to the House of Commons after Dunkirk:
'Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.'
Speech after Dunkirk:
'Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.'
185
Other fronts Britain military was fighting the Axis
The Japanese defeated the British in Singapore and the occupied Burma, threatening India.
186
Pearl Harbour, December 1941
The United States entered war when the Japanese bombed their naval base at Pearl Harbour.
187
Hitler attempt to attach the Soviet Union, 1941
This was a huge conflict, with losses n both sides.
The damaged sustained by the Germans was pivotal to end the war.
188
Allied Forces victories
The Allied Forces become stronger winning some victories in North Africa and Italy.
This combined with the German losses in the Soviet Union, made the Allies stronger to attack Hitler's forces in Western Europe.
189
D-Day (6th June 1944)
Allied Forces landed in Normandy, they pressed through France and then through Germany,
Germany was finally defeated in May 1945.
190
The end of the war against Japan, 1945
The United States dropped 2 atom bombs in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
191
The 'atom split', Ernest Rutherford
New Zealand scientist Ernest Rutherford was working in Manchester and the Cambridge University and together with his team they were the first to 'split the atom'.
192
Manhattan Project (1945)
Some British scientists took part in this project in the United States.
193
Alexander Fleming (1881 - 1955)
He was born in Scotland, but moved to London as a teenager, where he qualified as a doctor.
In 1928, he was studying influenza and discovered penicillin. Which was then made into a usable drug by Howard Florey and Erns Chain. It became mass produced in 1940.
In 1945, Fleming won the Nobel Prize in Medicine
194
Britain since 1945
The Welfare State
After the war the country was economically exhausted and there was a need for change.
There were social reforms during the war (education), but people wanted wider social reforms.
195
Labour Government in 1945
Clement Atlee - the Beveridge Report
Clement Atlee was the new elected labour Prime Minister, and he promised to introduce the Welfare State as outlined in the Beveridge Report.
196
National Health Service (NHS) 1948
In 1948, Aneurin Bevan, the Minister of Health, led the NHS, which guaranteed a minimum standard health care for all, free.
197
Britain after 1945
Social Security and Nationalisation
There was a social security system introduced to get people protected 'from the cradle to the grave'.
The government also took public ownership of the railways, coalmines and the gas gas, electricity and water supplies.
198
Self-government of former colonies, in 1947`
Independence was granted to 9 countries: India, Pakistan and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).
Other colonies in the Caribbean, Africa and the Pacific achieved independence over the next 20 years.
199
Britain after 1945
NATO
Britain developed its own atomic bomb and joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), which was an alliance against the threat of the Soviet Union's invasion and its allies.
200
Conservative government between 1951 and 1964
The 50s saw a period of economic recovery with more prosperity for working people.
201
Conservative government between 1951 and 1964
Harold Macmillan
He became famous for his 'wind of change' speech about decolonisation and independence for the countries of the Empire.
202
Clement Attlee (1883-1967)
Born in London.
He studied in Oxford and became a barrister.
He then gave up being a barrister and dedicated himself to social work and then became a Labour MP.
He was Churchill's Deputy Prime Minister in the wartime coalition government, and then he became Prime Minister when the Labour Party won in 1945 (till 1951). He also led the Labour Party for 20 years.
His government undertook the nationalisation of the coal and steel industries; created the NHS and implemented many of Beveridge's plans for a stronger welfare state; there were also measures to improve workers' lives.
203
William Beveridge (1879-1963)
Later became Lord Beveridge.
He was an economist and social reformer.
Was a Liberal MP briefly and the leader of the Liberals at the House of Lords.#
Better know for his 1942 report Social Insurance and Allied Services (known as the Beveridge report), which was commissioned by the wartime government in 1941.
204
The Social Insurance and Allied Services report, 1942 (the Beveridge report)
```
Stated that the government should find ways to fight the five 'Giant Evils':
Want
Disease
Ignorance
Squalor
Idleness
```
It provided the basis of the modern welfare state.
205
R A Butler (1902-82)
Richard Austen Butler (Lord Butler).
Became a conservative MP in 1923, and became responsible for education in 1941, and oversaw the introduction of Education Act in 1944. Often called the 'Butler Act'.
He introduced secondary education in England and Wales. Though the education system changed a lot since, the division between primary and secondary school maintains.
206
Dylan Thomas (1914-53)
Welsh poet and writer.
He read and performed his work in public, even the BBC.
Radio play: Under Milk Wood (first performed in 1954, after his death)
Poem: Do not go gentle into that Good Night, which he wrote for his dying father in 1952.
He died in New York when he was 39.
Swansea, his birthplace, has several memorials, including a statue and the Dylan Thomas Centre.
207
Migration in post-war Britain
Due to labour shortages after the war, Britain encouraged immigration from Ireland and other parts of Europe to come for reconstruction.
In 1948, people from West Indies were also encouraged to come.
During the 50s shortages continued, so more overseas workers were encouraged to come by advertising jobs overseas.
Bus services recruited in the West Indies; textile and engineering firms in the North and the Midlands recruited in India and Pakistan
208
Social changes in the 1960s
Culture
Due to the many changes, it was called 'the swinging sixties'
Cinema, fashion, popular music.
The Beatles and the Rolling Stones became famous.
209
Social changes in the 1960s
Social Laws
They became more liberal (divorce and abortion).
Position of women in the workplace improved.
Employers sometimes would tell women to leave when they got married, but Parliament passed a law giving women the right to equal pay and made it illegal for employers to discriminate against women, because of their gender.
210
Technological changes in the 60s
Britain and France developed the supersonic airliner, Concorde.
There were new styles of architecture, like high-rise buildings and the use of concrete and steel became common.
211
Immigration restrictions in the 60s
There were less people coming from the West Indies, India and Pakistan, because of the new laws, which said that immigrants had to have a strong connection to Britain by birth or ancestry.
In the early 70s, Britain admitted 28,000 people of Indian origin who were forced to leave Uganda.
212
British inventions of the 20th Century
Television (20s)
Developed by Scotsman John Logie Baird (1888-1946) in the 20s.
In 1932, he made the first tv broadcast between London and Glasgow.
213
British inventions of the 20th Century
Radar (1935)
Developed by Scotsman Sir Robert Watson-Watt (1892-1973) who proposed that enemy aircraft could be detected by radio waves.
The first successful radar test took place in 1935.
Sir Bernard Lovell (1913-2012) made discoveries in astronomy, due to the radar.
Jodrell Bank built the one that was for many years the biggest telescope in the world and it continues to operate today.
214
British inventions of the 20th Century
Turing machine (1930s)
```
Alan Turing (1912-1954), a British mathematician, invented this machine, which a theoretical mathematical device.
It was influential in the development of computer science and the modern-day computer,
```
215
British inventions of the 20th Century
Insulin
Scottish physician John MacLeod (1876-1935) was the co-discoverer of insulin.
216
British inventions of the 20th Century
The structure of the DNA molecule (1953)
Joint discovery by the universities of London and Cambridge.
It contributed to many scientific advances: medicine and fighting crime.
Francis Crick (1916-2004) was awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery.
217
British inventions of the 20th Century
The Jet Engine (1930s)
Was developed by Sir Frank Whittle (1907-96) a British Royal Air Force engineer officer.
218
British inventions of the 20th Century
The Hovercraft (1950s)
Invented by Sir Christopher Cockerell (1910-99)
219
British inventions of the 20th Century
Concorde (1969)
Developed by Britain and France, a supersonic aircraft.
First flew in 1969 and began carrying passengers in 1976.
Retired from service in 2003.
The Harrier Jump Set is also an aircraft capable of taking off vertically. Also designed and developed in the UK.
220
British inventions of the 20th Century
Cash dispensing (ATM) 1960s
James Goodfellow (1937-) invented it: Automatic Teller Machine or 'cashpoint'.
Barclays Bank in Enfield, north London, was the first bank to use it in 1967,
221
British inventions of the 20th Century
IVF (In-Vitro fertilisation) Therapy
Was pioneered by physiologist Sir Robert Edwards (1925-2013) and gynaecologist Patrick Steptoe (1913-88).
The first 'test-tube baby' was born in Oldham, Lancashire in 1978.
222
British inventions of the 20th Century
Cloning (1996)
Sir Ian Wilmut (1944-) and Keith Campbell (1954-2012) led the first team that successfully cloned a mammal, Dolly the sheep.
Led to trying to use this to preserve endangered species.
223
British inventions of the 20th Century
MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
Sir Peter Mansfield (1933-2017) was the co-inventor. It enables doctors and researchers to obtain exact and non-invasive images of human internal organs.
224
British inventions of the 20th Century
World Wide Web (1990)
Sir Tim Berners-Lee (1955-) information was first successfully transferred via the web on the 25th of December 1990.
225
Problems in the economy in the 1970s
The post-war economic boom came to an end. Goods increased price and the pound lost value.
Import of goods was of higher value than the price paid for exports, which cause problems with the 'balance of payments'.
226
Problems in the economy in the 1970s
Strikes
Strikes caused a lot of problems between the trade unions and the government. Some thought the unions were getting to powerful and their activities were harming the UK.
227
Problems in the economy in the 1970s
Unrest in Northern Ireland
In 1972, the Northern Ireland Parliament got suspended, so it was then directly ruled by the UK government.
There was a lot of violence, and more than 3,000 lost their lives.
228
Mary Peters (1939 - )
Born in Manchester, but moved to Northern Ireland as a child.
She was an Olympic athlete and won the Pentathlon in 1972.
She then raised money for local athletics and became the team manager for the women's British Olympic team.
She continues to promote sport and tourism in Northern Ireland.
She was made a Dame of the British Empire in 2000.
229
Europe and the Common Market
EEC (1957)
The European Economic Community was formed in 1957 by West Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
In 1993 it became part of the European Union, when it was formed.
The UK was part, never used the EURO as its currency, and left it on the 31st January 2020.
230
Conservative Government from 1970 - 1977
Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013)
She is from Grantham, daughter of a grocers, trained as a chemist and a lawyer.
Was elected as a Conservative MP in 1959 and became cabinet minister in 1970 as the Secretary of State for Education and Science.
Became leader of the Conservative Party in 1975.
In 1979, she became the first woman Prime Minister in the UK.
She was also the longest serving Prime Minister, in office till 1990.
There were some reforms, she also worked closely with Ronald Reagan.
She was one of the first Western leaders to recognise the changes in the Soviet Union, which led to the end of the Cold War.
231
Conservative Government from 1970 - 1977
Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013)
Measures during this time
Privatisation of nationalised industries and imposed legal controls on trade union powers.
The City of London became an international centre of investments, insurance and other financial services.
Decline of traditional industries: shipbuilding and coal mining.
232
Conservative Government from 1970 - 1977
Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013)
The Falklands
Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands in 1982.
A taskforce was sent from the UK, and military action led to the recovery of the islands.
233
John Major and the Northern Ireland peace process
Joh Major followed Margaret Thatcher and was very influential in the Northern Ireland peace process.
234
Roald Dahl (1916-90)
Born in Wales to Norwegian parents.
Served in the RAF during the WW2.
Started publishing books and short stories in the 40s. He wrote mostly for children, but also for adults.
Most famous works:
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
George's Marvellous Medicine
Several of his books were made into films.
235
Labour government from 1977-2010
Blair government
Tony Blair led the Labour government in 1997, and he was elected.
His government introduced the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly.
The Scottish Parliament has substantial power to legislate, the Welsh Assembly was given fewer legislative powers, but considerable control over the public services.
236
Labour government from 1977-2010
Blair government
Good Friday Agreement
Blair was able to build on the peace process in Northern Ireland, which resulted in the Good Friday Agreement signed in 1998.
The Northern Ireland Assembly was elected in 1999, but suspended in 2002. It was only reinstated again in 2007.
Most paramilitary groups have decommissioned their arms and are inactive.
Gordon Brown became the Prime Minister in 2007.
237
Conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq (1990s)
Britain played a leading role in the liberation of Kuwait, following the Iraqi invasion in 1990, and the conflict in the former Republic of Yugoslavia.
238
International fight against terrorism since 2000
British armed forces have been engaged in this global fight and against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, including operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.
British troops left Iraq in 2009. It now operates in Afghanistan as part of the United Nations (UN) mandated 50 nation International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) coalition as per invitation of the Afghan movement.
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International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)
Is working to ensure the Afghan territory can never again be used for international terrorism, where Al Qa'ida planned attacks.
The ISAF is therefore building the Afghan National Security Forces and helping create a secure environment.
Security responsibility is gradually being handed back to the Afghans, by the end of 2014 this would be the reality.
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2021 and Brexit
In May 2010, for the first time since 1974, there was a coalition between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, and the leader of the Conservative Party, David Cameron, became the Prime Minister
In May 2015, he won a majority and remained Prime Minister. They held a referendum on the 23rd June 2016. There was a split 51.9% to 48.1% having leave the European Union win,
Theresa May succeeded Cameron on the 13th of July 2016, and Boris Johnson followed her on the 24th of July 2019.
The UK formally left the European Union on 31 January 2020.
