Chapter 4 A Long and Illustrious History Flashcards
(20 cards)
Details about Stonehenge
- Found in the English County Wiltshire.
- Special gathering place for ceremonies
- Built during the Stone Age.
Skara Brae on Orkney
- well-preserved prehistoric village in Northern Europe
- educated us on how people lived in the Stone Age.
Bronze Age
- 4000 years ago
- People learnt to make bronze during the period
- Bronze age was followed by the Iron age
Maiden Castle (Iron Age)
- occured after the stone age
- defended hill forts
- Maiden Castle has a hill fort
- found in Dorset
- farmers, craft workers or warriors
- Language = part of Celtic language family
- made the first coins minted in Britain.
- Coins inscribed with the names of Iron Age Kings
- Marks the beginning of Brittish History
Romans
Julius Caesar
- lead an unsuccessful invasion on Britain in 55BC
- Britain was free from the Roman Empire for almost 100 years.
Romans
Emperor Claudius
- led a new successful invasion after JC
- occupied almost all of Britain.
- Boudicca (queen of the Iceni (Eastern England) fought
- Never conquered areas now know as Scotland
Boudicca
- Queen of the Iceni (Easter England)
- Faught against the Romans
- Statue of her on the Westminster Bridge in London near the Houses of Parliament.
Emperor Hadrian
- Build a wall in the North of England to keep the Picts out (ancestors of Scotand)
- Called Hadrian’s wall
- the wall included a number of forts
- still a popular tourist walk
- = UNESCO (united national educational, scientific and cultural organizatio) world heritage site
Roman Empire in Britain and after…
- Remained in Britain for 400 years
- build roads, buildings
- created structure law
- introduced new plants and animals
- 3rd and 4th centuries AD that Christian communities began to appear.
- left Britain in AD410 (defended other part of the Empire and never returned.
- Northern European tribes invaded Britain
- Jutes, The Angles, the Saxons
The Anglo-Saxons
- AD600 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established in Britain
- mainly areas now knows as England
- King Sutton Hoo in modern Suffolk was buried there with treasure and armour (in a ship that was then covered by earth)
- West of Britain (much of Wales and Scotland remained free from Anglo-Saxon rule
- not Christians
- short period where they did not rule, when there was a Danish King (Canute)
St Patrick (Patron saint of Ireland)
- During the Anglo-Saxxon period
- Missionaries from Ireland spread religion in the North
Missionaries
St Patrick - patron saint of Ireland
St Columbia - monastry on the island of Iona (off the coast of Scotland)
St Augustine - missionaries from Rome (spread Christianity in the South). he was the first Archbshop of Cantebury/ the Church of Britain today.
Vikings
- came from Denmark, Norway and Sweden
- First visit in Britain AD789
- Anglo-Saxons defeated the Vikings (King Alfred the Great)
- Many Vikings stayed (East and North England)
- mixed in with the community
- Converted to Christianity
- North united under one king (J=Kenneth MacAlpin) this was a term Scotland began to use to describe that country.
The Norman Conquest
-1066
-Invasion led my William, the Duke of Normandy (Northern France)
- Defeted Harold the Saxon king
- At the battle of Hasting
- Became knows and William the Conqueror
The Battle of Hastings
- 1066
- Harold the Saxon king was defeated by William, later known as William the Conqueror from Normandy (France)
- Harold was killed
- Bayeux Tapestry, a piece of embroidery made to commemorate the battle, is found in France today.
- 70m long
The Middle Ages (War at home and abroad)
- End of the Roman Empire (AD476-1485)
- A time of almost constant war
- English kings fought agianst Welsh, Scottish and Irish for control of their lands.
Whales
1284
King Edward 1
Introduces the statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the Crown if England
Castles were built to maintain power (Conwy and Caernarvon)
15 Century = last Welsh rebellion defeated
Scotland
1314
Defeated English = Battle of Banncokburn
lead by Robert the Bruce
Scotland remained unconquered
Ireland
was independent
1200 English rules an area know as Pale, around Dublin
Crusades
European Christians fought for the holy land
Fought against France = hundred day war (116days)
French were defeated at the Battle of Agincourt 1415
King Henry V outnumbered the French
English left France in 1450
The Middle Ages (Black Death)
Land ownership = feudalism
land given to lords for their help in war
Peasants and serfs had a small piece of land that they could work
Land was owned by clans, and permission to farm land was given in return for loyalty
Plague =1348
1/3 of English/Scotland and Wales population died
Labour shortages and peasants demanded higher wages
A new social classes appeared = gentry (owners of large pieces of land)
people moved from the county to the towns = start of a new middle class
The Middle Ages (Legal and Political Changes)
Parlimant began
orgins traced back to the king’s council
Magma Carta = the king was subject to the law it protected the rights of the nobility and restricted the kings powers to collect taxes and make changes (1215)
House of Parliment = the nobility, landowners and bishops sat.
House of Commons= Knights, smaller land owners and wealthy people
Small number of people were allowed to elect
Scotland
Houses were called Estates = lords, commons and clergy
development of the legal system
judges are independent of the government
judges developed common law by a process of precedence
Scotland, laws were codified = written down
The middle ages (A Distict Identy)
Norman French and Anglo Saxon languages combined = English
1400 = official docs were written in English preferred lang of the Royal court
Caterbury Tales = written by a poet Geoffrey Chaucer (about a group of people going to Caterbury
= first printed books
by William Caxton
Scotland = speak garlic and Scots
John Barbour = the bruce and story about the battle of Bannockburn
New Buildings
=castles
Cathedrals (Lincoln cathedral)
Stained glass windows
Export and trade
wool
The Middle Ages (War of the Roses)
1455 = who should be king of England
2 families = House of Lancaster (Red Rose) and House of York (White Rose)
War end = 1485 The Battke if Bosworth Field
House of York King Richard 3rd killed at battle of Henry Tudor
House of Lancaster King Henry the 7th became king
Henry 7th married Elazabeth (nieces of former king) = united both family
= Henry the first king of House Tudor = red and white rose
