Chapter 4 [ B ] Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
what is GIS?
A
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is a spatial service that provides location awareness by managing spatial data.
2
Q
what services are supported by GIS system?
A
- Spatial context representations
- Spatial context capture
- Spatial annotation
- Coordinate transformation
- Spatial data storage
- Spatial analysis
- Spatial data output
3
Q
_____ is needed to answer spatial queries such as “Is there a type of service X within 1km of here?”.?
A
- a Geospatial Information System (GIS) service
4
Q
GIS services represent _____ ?
A
- real world objects- such as roads, land use, elevation with digitised spatial data.
5
Q
Geospatial data consists of 2 parts, list them.
A
- Geometrical object [ point, line, polygon …]* Geo-attributes / spatial context
6
Q
list the parts of geo-attributes
A
—- Types of Feature: a point might represent a city—- Associated Attributes: attributes like population, name, and elevation.—- Annotations: Additional information associated with a geometrical object
7
Q
what are the methods used to capture Geo-context?
A
- Digitizer
- Scanner
- Direct entry of sensed data
*aerial photographs.
8
Q
______ derive location from spatial context?
A
Geocoding
9
Q
_____ derive spatial context from location?
A
Reverse geocoding
10
Q
After the initial capture of geospatial data, processing and editing are often necessary to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data.
A
True
11
Q
10 different coordinate systems exist for positions
A
False. - 100+, hence why GIS Transformation is needed
12
Q
DBs with spatial extensions use GIS data structuresthat are based on _______ ?
A
- Open GIS Consortium (OGC)Geographical Markup Language (GML) standards
13
Q
What is Cartography?
A
- Is the design and production of maps, or visual representations of spatial data.
14
Q
The vast majority of modern cartography is done with _____ ?
A
Computers, i.e, GIS
15
Q
what are the two major functions of Cartographic work?
A
- It produces maps and other graphics,
- It allows the map to be annotated with symbols and text
16
Q
_______ facilitate the exchange of generatedmaps information via Web Services?
A
Web Map Servers
17
Q
Phone users registered in ____ ?
A
HLR (Home Location Register)
18
Q
When users pass between areas, a cell notifies its _____ ?
A
VLR (Visitor Location Register)
19
Q
Describe the Call Routing Process?
A
- When a call is made from one mobile user (User B) to another (User A), the call first queries the VLR associated with the current location of User A. - If User A is not in the current cell area, call is made to A’s HLR to retrieve User A’s current location.
20
Q
what are the two main types of ICT considered in Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals?
A
- Adaption to the terminal
- Adaption to the network
21
Q
_____ entails content access via a proliferation of interactive devices with diverse capabilities?
A
Universal content a c c e s s
22
Q
A service that is aware of the characteristics of the physical network is called _______ ?
A
underlay-network aware
23
Q
No enhancements are needed to TCP/IP network design to support more flexible context-aware QoS delivery?
A
False, enhancements are needed
24
Q
The need for content adaptation arises from ____?
A
diverse range of display devices
25
Much content designed for decimetre sized screens.
True
26
What does the Need Content adaptation involve?
- Transformation of the created content representation
- Adaptation of the (multimodal) interaction
- Adaptation to use a particular device display convention
- Adaptation of the content itself.
27
Temporal Awareness: Time, in what ways can time be modeled?
* Time may be modelled as a period
* Time may be modelled as an instant,
* Time can be modelled as a linear sequence
28
what is The objective of task scheduling?
to allocate times and resources to user tasks.
29
Describe a Simple scheduling?
can involve deriving a personalized schedule that it a subset of another schedule known a priori.
30
_____ is a good example of composite context adaptation.
Mobility context awareness
31
____ is used to adapt activities with respect totheir locality?
Spatial awareness
32
list the applications of Composite context awareness for mobile users?
* N a v i g a t i o n
* Automatic annotation of local recordings in the field
* Filtered content for mobile users
33
what are intelligent systems [ IS ]?
Systems that use Al algorithms.
34
IS models can't be based upon physical organisations
False
35
List Ubicom systems that use an implicit notion of intelligence?
* H C I
* Sensor / Context - a w a r e s y s t e m s
* Control system & Robots
* Intelligent networks
* Network, e.g., SNMP, Agents
* Smart devices
36
List the Types of I S M model Representations.
* Process - driven system models
* Data - driven K B - IS models
* Logic - driven K B - IS models
* Soft Computing models
----- KB = knowledge based
37
A ubiquitous system applications uses a unilateral model of the env't.
True.- system models its environment, not vice-versa
38
What is a Bilateral S y s t e m Environment Models?
- A system that models an active environment and smart system- And in turn, the active environment has a model of the systems which use it
39
what are the Simplest types of IS system environments?
- those that are fully-observable, episodic and static.
40
what are the two main approaches of acquiring models during the design phase of a system?
1. Models Built Into System at Design Time & Modified at Run-Time----- are predefined, yet dynamic and flexible
2. Models Built at Design Time to Modify Themselves at Run-Time:----- autonomous and self awareness alachew
41
List the Types of IS System Environment and their antonyms.
Fully Observable:Antonym: Partially ObservableDeterministic:Antonym: StochasticEpisodic:Antonym: SequentialStatic:Antonym: DynamicDiscrete:Antonym: ContinuousPassive:Antonym: Active
42
what are the Basic Types of IS Models (From Russel & Norvig 2002)?
* Reflex Based
* Environment Model based
* Goal based, Proactive
* Utility based
* Learning
* Multi-IS,
* Hybrid IS
43
what are the Basic Types of IS Models based on the knowledge representation they use?
* Rule-based
* Light-weight Ontology
* Heavy-weight Ontology
* Active user vs active service processes
44
describe Reactive IS Models (R-IS).
Intelligent behaviour arises out of system's interaction with environment rather than as result of complex internal representation about events.
45
_____ is at heart of the intelligent system?
Action selection
46
R-IS is strongly situated in its environment and is highly responsive to changes in the environment.
True
47
explain Pure Vs. Hybrid R-IS Models.
1. Pure Reactive R-IS Models: system primarily reacts to events in its environment. events trigger immediate and predefined responses.
2. Hybrid Reactive R-IS Models: the system incorporates a mix of reactive and possibly proactive or other types of components.
48
In practice many systems are designed to be purely reactive.
False. - They are actually designed to be hybrid
49
what are the 2 types of rule-based actions in R-IS Design?
1. Preset actions may be directly triggered from sensor input without any conditions
2. Alternatively events can be filtered by conditions to trigger actions
50
what are the 3 possible designs in R-IS to handle multiple concurrent & heterogeneous events?
* Discard events
* Event persistence
* Concurrent Event Handling
51
what is EM-IS Similarity to Knowledge-Based (KB) Systems?
- KB systems involve the use of knowledge representation to model and solve problems. - In the case of EM-IS, this knowledge is about the world and its actions.
52
System environment may be partially observable in EM-IS.
True
53
EM-IS 's actions depend upon _______ ?
Current environment state Past environment states knowing effect of system actions
54
Describe theory of multiple possible future environments in the context of EM-IS.
- An EM-IS can anticipate multiple future environment states which may never be realized.
55
Give an example of an EM-IS system?
- Adaptive transport scheduling scenario- In pure R-IS, vehicle will not stop when no passengers are at pickup point (provided no passengers on the vehicle wish to leave)
56
____ is Also referred to as planning-based IS?
Goal-based IS (G-IS)
57
what is a Goal-based IS (G-IS)?
- An IS that defines an internal plan or sequence of actions to achieve a future system goal
58
What does the action selection for a G-IS depend on?
- Next system action brings system towards future goal state
59
_____ IS, tends to dissociate control of actions fromenvironment situation or context of action?
G-IS
60
What is an example of internal events In G-IS?
- a scheduled system task that becomes delayed, can also trigger system actions.
61
What is the Main benefit of G-IS?
- users can delegate tasks at a much higher level of abstraction- focussing on what needs to be achieved rather than on details of how this is achieved
62
_______refers to quantifiable measure of performance orworth or usefulness of specific goal in set of possible goals.
utility
63
_____ refer to a specific chain of action among a set ofpossible chains of actions?
utility
64
When is U-IS [ Utility-Based IS ] useful?
- several conflict goals exist- multiple goals are possible but only one of them is practical
65
Describe a U-IS's adaptive transport scheduling scenario.
* The 2 conflicting goals to recover from disruptions to schedule are:1. maximize revenue by maximizing pickup load maintaining a quality of service 2. minimizing deviations from a designated schedule.* The greater load picked up, the later an already late vehicle remains.* A utility function weighs revenue generation & maintaining punctuality
66
_____ models are more complex and aim to combine the benefits of the individual IS models?
Hybrid IS [H-IS]
67
What are the 2 basic designs of H-IS?
- Horizontal Concurrent Layers- Vertical (Sequential) Layers
68
_____ consist of single or multiple IS components with a clearly defined interface for input and output.
Layers in H-IS
69
Horizontal H-IS needs ______ to allow heterogeneous, ( not homogenous ones) models to be layered.
to be generalised
70
H-IS models can be 'layered' in a single IS
True
71
Compare and Contrast between lower and higher H-IS layers.
- Lower reactive layer: handle reactive layers ----- focuses on quick, rule-based reactions.- Higher layers : handles events that require the use of an environment model and reasoning
72
What is the Design challenge with H-IS: Horizontal Layered Model?
- Multiple output events actions can occur for the same input event.- Because each layer independently outputs its own action.
73
H-IS: Vertical Layered Model is aka ________ ?
Simplest chaining
74
Describe how the H-IS: Vertical Layered Model works?
- Is a single-pass vertical model in which control flows through each layer in order to generate the action in the last layer
75
________ are sometime needed to operate inmultiple environments that are chained?
Ubicom systems
76
how do ubicom systems process events in chained enviroments?
- Processing starts with a model-based human environment, then - in human reactive model and finally in a - physical world reactive model.
77
Explain the Example Scenario - Adaptive Transport Scheduling in terms of ubicom chained events.
- The transport system needs to be aware of the human environment [ considering factors such as user preferences or behaviors ]- The transport system must also be aware of the physical environment [ adapting to real-world conditions ]- The system may be driven by predefined goals and utility functions [ ensuring it operates in alignment with specific objectives ]
78
Give an example for a Hybrid R-IS, EM-IS and U-IS Application: Adaptive Transport Scheduling scenario
* IS represents transport [ bus, service ]* Use utility functions to weight the importance of different [ independent factors that affect a goal] * Prediction of a bus's arrival at scheduled bus-stops is based upon a model of how a bus's environment
79
What is the Range of KB IS Models?
- Representation: Refers to how knowledge is structured and organized within the system.- Operations: Describes the actions or processes that the KB model can perform.- Type of KB Model: Indicates the specific use or focus of the KB model.NOTE : the explanations are extra
80
What are the Commonly used types of KB system architectures?
- Blackboard systems & EDA systems
- Production systems or rule systems
- Semantic type KBs such as ontology-based systems
81
What are the Alternative Terms are sometimes used to describe KB-IS?
- knowledge-based,- s e m a n t i c- ontology-based models
82
What are the benefits of KB models?
* to share a common understanding
* to enable the reuse of domain knowledge,
* to make domain assumptions explicit,
* to separate domain from operational knowledge
* to analyse domain knowledge
83
What are the characteristics of KB models?
* KB behaves a s a surrogate* KB is a set of ontological commitments* KB is often used for intelligent reasoning* KR acts as a machine readable & understandablelanguage* KR acts as a human readable understandable language
84
What are the components of KB IS Management Life-cycle?
* KB Manual Creation vs. Autonomic Acquisition* KB Deployment & Maintenance - Validating - Updating * KB Management & services: store, retrieve, share
85
Why do ISs Use Knowledge Models?
1. EM-IS: Knowledge and reasoning play a crucial role in dealing with partially-observed environments2. EM-IS: Knowledge and reasoning play a crucial role in dealing with sequential environments3. Multi-ISs: enhances interoperability4. Multi-ISs: enriches information and task sharing5. Multi-ISs: enable reuse of domain knowledge
86
What is Modeled in each IS?
* R-I S : EDA rules* EM-IS : EM* G-IS: goals and plans* U-IS: weightings or goals or tasks
87
______ Seems a useful model for representing personal preferences?
U-IS
88
How are the models in an IS acquired?
1. Defined at Fixed Design Time2. Defined at Design Time with Learning Capability
89
Explain Defined at Fixed Design Time model acquiring technique in IS?
Data to populate the model can be acquired at run-time:- from humans - From other ISs- From 'non-intelligent data repositories [ db ]
90
Explain Defined at Design Time with Learning Capability, model acquiring technique in IS?
- Models can improve themselves- i.e., incorporate learning- Any of the models in any type of IS can be learn
91
What do we need in order to create an accurate and useful KB system?
1. understanding of the system
2. a collection of problem-solving rules
92
What is an Expert System?
The earliest type of Knowledge-Based (KB) system that tended to use the knowledge of one or more human domain experts as the source of its problem-solving strategies
93
What is a Knowledge Base (KB) is composed of?
- concepts and their properties
- as well as relationships between concepts and properties.
94
What does A concept represent?
an idea of something that could be a real world object
95
What is Ontology?
- it is a formal representation of knowledge that includes concepts, their properties, and the relationships between them.
96
When creating ontology, what are possible device concepts?
- Microprocessor, microcontroller, or CPU- Memory- Input interface.- Output interface.- Network interface
97
All device concepts have an absolute defination.
False.- concept of device is defined in terms of itsrelationship to pre-existing concepts
98
What does The process of creating an Ontology for a domain consist of?
Defining:
- Concept taxonomy
- A set of relations
- Constraints
- Axioms
99
The ease and explicitness at which complex relationships can be modeled depends upon _______ ?
Knowledge Representation (KR) Types : light-weight versus heavy-weight
100
List the modeling choices to be made in Ontologydesign.
* Categorization choices* Model relationships which have different cardinality* Modeling the direction & symmetry of relationships* Modeling choices about constraints
101
Ontology Model needs to be validated.
True
102
What are the 2 approaches to achieve interoperation between heterogeneous ontology models?
- Merging or Integration
- Alignment
