Chapter 4: Carbon And The Molecular Diversity Of Life

Question 1

Cis-Trans Isomer

Answer 1

One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in spatial arrangement of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds; also called geometric isomer.

Question 2

Organic Chemistry

Answer 2

The study of carbon compounds.

Question 3

Valence

Answer 3

The bonding capability of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds that an atom can form, which usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell.

Question 4

Hydrocarbon

Answer 4

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

Question 5

Isomer

Answer 5

One of two or more compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.

Question 6

Structural Isomers

Answer 6

One of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Question 7

Enantiomer

Answer 7

One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon.

Question 8

Functional Group

Answer 8

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.

Question 9

Seven chemical groups most important in biological processes

Answer 9

Hydroxyl group, Carbonyl group, Carboxyl group, Amino group, Sulfhydryl group, Phosphate group, Methyl group.

Question 10

Hydroxyl group compound name

Answer 10

Alcohol

Question 11

Carbonyl group compound name

Answer 11

Ketone or aldehyde

Question 12

Carboxyl group compound name

Answer 12

Carboxylic acid or organic acid

Question 13

Amino group compound name

Answer 13

Amine

Question 14

Sulfhydryl group compound name

Answer 14

Thiol

Question 15

Phosphate group compound name

Answer 15

Organic compound

Question 16

Methyl group compound name

Answer 16

Methylated compound

Question 17

ATP

Answer 17

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 18

Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 18

An adenine-containing nucleotide triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

Question 19

Organic

Answer 19

An individual living thing, consisting of one or more cells.

Question 20

Organic chemistry is currently defined as

Answer 20

The study of carbon compounds

Question 21

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?

Answer 21

Amino

Question 22

Visualize the structural formula of each of the following hydrocarbons. Which hydrocarbon has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? C3H8, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2

Answer 22

C2H4

Question 23

Which action could produce a carbonyl group?
A. The replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogens
B. The addition of thiol to a hydroxyl
C. The addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate
D. The replacement of nitrogen of an amine with oxygen

Answer 23

Replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogens

Question 24

Answer 24

Estradiol

Question 25

Answer 25

Testosterone

Question 26

Answer 26

Hydroxyl group

Question 27

Answer 27

Carbonyl Group

Question 28

Answer 28

Carboxyl Group

Question 29

Answer 29

Amino Group

Question 30

Answer 30

Sulfhydryl Group

Question 31

Answer 31

Phosphate Group

Question 32

Answer 32

Methyl Group

Question 33

What are the 6 most important chemical elements of life?

Answer 33

Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Sulfur, Hydrogen

Question 34

Using modern equipment, a former graduate student of Stanely Miller recently reanalyzed the sample results of volcano simulation experiments that Miller conducted along with his classic experiment described in the text. This reanalysis did which o the following? A. Greatly expanded Miller's earlier finding by uncovering the traces of cell-like entitles being formed in the volcano simulation experiments. B. Identified additional organic compounds that had not been found by Miller. C. Revealed the formation of the same amino acids that miller initially observed but in a more purified form. D. Contradicted Miller's earlier experimental results and provided more support for an undefined life force as the way organic molecules are made in nature.

Answer 34

B. Identified additional organic compounds that had not been found by Miller.

Question 35

Stanley Miller's experiments where significant because he demonstrated that _______________.

Answer 35

a variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth's primary atmosphere.

Question 36

Which of the following is an organic molecule? A. O2 B. Ne C. NaCl D. CH4

Answer 36

D. CH4

Question 37

What is the three-dimensional shape created by hybrid orbitals that are formed when a carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other atoms?

Answer 37

A tetrahedron with carbon at the center.

Question 38

A pharmaceutical company was forced to recall a pain reliever medication that had been linked to the fatalities of several hundred people. Analysis of the recalled drug revealed the presence of two isomers due to an asymmetrical carbon atom in the drug molecule. What can be hypothesized from this observation?

Answer 38

The isomers are enantiomers, with one having toxic effects on humans.

Question 39

A strait-chain carbon compound constructed from __________ must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bone. A. 6 Hydrogen and 2 Carbon atoms B. 6 Hydrogen, 2 Carbon, and 1 Oxygen atom C. 6 Hydrogen and 3 Carbon atoms D. 8 Hydrogen, 3 Carbon, and 3 oxygen atoms

Answer 39

C. 6 Hydrogen and 3 Carbon atoms

Question 40

What is the reason carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms?

Answer 40

Each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions.

Question 41

A carbon atom possesses ____ valence electrons.

Answer 41

4

Question 42

Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons? A. Hydrophilic, containing numerous carboxyl groups, nonpolar. B. Hydrophobic, polar, charged C. Hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy D. Hydrophilic, good source of stored energy, consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen

Answer 42

C. Hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy

Question 43

A molecule has one carbon-carbon double bond and four monovalent atoms or groups. How many different Cis-Trans isomers exist for this molecule?

Answer 43

Two

Question 44

Pharmaceutical companies are selling billions of dollars' worth of single-enantiomer drugs. Why might it be important to use only one form of an enantiomer?

Answer 44

One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic.

Question 45

Which of the following functional groups is present in all amino acids?

Answer 45

-NH2

Question 46

Which of these is found in all amino acids? A. both -COOH and -NH2 B. -COOH C. -COH D. -OH

Answer 46

A. both -COOH and NH2

Question 47

Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they ___________.

Answer 47

Share the same functional group hydroxyl.

Question 48

Which of the following molecules has a carboxyl functional group? A. R-COOH B. R-NH2 C. R-COH D. R-OPO3

Answer 48

A. R-COOH

Question 49

Which of the following functional groups increases the solubility of organic compounds in water? A. -COH B. -OH C. -COOH D. all of the listed responses are correct

Answer 49

D. All of the listed responses are correct

Question 50

Which of the following example best describes a unique functional property of the carboxyl group? A. It is polar as a result of the electronegative oxygen atom drawing electrons towards it. B. Its compounds may be structural isomers with different properties. C. The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate from oxygen reversibly. D. Two carboxyl groups can bond covalently to help stabilize protein structure.

Answer 50

C. The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate from oxygen reversibly.

Question 51

Which of the following functional groups is associated with a release of energy when removed from the carbon skeleton with water? A. Amino group B. Phosphate group C. Sulfhydryl group D. Hydroxyl group

Answer 51

B. Phosphate group

Question 52

Which functional group would you predict is part of abscisic acid?

Answer 52

Carboxyl group

Question 53

Which of the following groups is capable of hydrogen bonding with an oxygen atom on another functional group? A. Hydroxyl group B. Carboxyl group C. Amino group D. All of the listed responses are correct.

Answer 53

D. All of the listed responses are correct.

Question 54

Which of these are Thiol? A. -COH B. -OH C. -SH D. None of the listed responses is correct.

Answer 54

C. None of the listed responses is correct.