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BIO 101 > Chapter 4: Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • All organisms are composed of one of more cells
  • Cells are the smallest living things
  • Cells arise only by division of previously existing cells
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2
Q

Why are cells small?

A
  • Diffusion is only effective over small distances

- High demand on DNA, the larger the cell

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3
Q

Cellular structure

A
  • PLASMA MEMBRANE forms boundary of cell

- CYTOPLASM fills interior of cell

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4
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model for plasma membrane

A
  • made up of the phospholipid bilayer
  • polar glycerol heads
  • nonpolar fatty acid tails
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5
Q

Interior of lipid bilayer

A
  • nonpolar, no water-soluble molecules can cross
  • Contains CHOLESTEROL, to prevent cell membrane from sticking to itself
  • contains MEMBRANE PROTEINS, tunnels to allow certain substances through membrane
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6
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • old
  • single-cellled
  • no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  • genetic material in single, circular molecule
  • small, 1-2 micrometers
  • Kingdoms: eubacteria and archaebacteria
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7
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • new
  • single or many cells
  • have a “true” nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • genetic material organized and in nucleus
  • larger, 2-1000 micrometers
  • Kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
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8
Q

Cell wall

A
  • exists in plants, fungi and many protists beyond plasma membrane
  • provides protection, maintains cell shape, prevents excessive water loss/uptake
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9
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • exist in all plants and many protists
  • site of photosynthesis
  • energy-capturing center
  • double membrane
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10
Q

Central vacuole

A
  • in plants, help with retaining structure
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11
Q

Centrioles

A
  • in animals and most protists, assist with mitosis (cell division) by assembling microtubules
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12
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA of eukaryotes is packaged into segments and associated with protein, this complex is called a chromosome.

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13
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Site for subunits of ribosome to be synthesized
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14
Q

Rough ER

A
  • system of internal membranes
  • covered in ribosomes
  • dedicated to protein modification/synthesis
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15
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • adds carbs and fats to ER
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16
Q

Golgi bodies/complex/apparatus

A
  • flattened membranes scattered throughout the cell

- packages things from ER

17
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • clean-up crew, contain digestive enzymes
18
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • isolate certain types of chemical reactions
19
Q

Mitochondrion

A
  • cellular respiration, cellular powerhouse
  • extracts energy from organic molecules through oxidative metabolism
  • double membrane
20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • internal framework of protein fibers
  • anchors organelles to fixed locations
  • supports the shape of the cell
  • helps organize ribosomes and enzymes needed for synthesis activities
21
Q

Diffusion & osmosis

A
  • molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient from higher to lower concentration
  • osmosis = diffusion of water
22
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • needs a transport protein/tunnel (still passive transport)
23
Q

Aquaporins

A
  • selective channels that allow water to diffuse through plasma membrane
24
Q

Osometric concentration

A
  • concentration of all molecules dissolved in a solution
25
Q

Hypertonic solution

A
  • higher concentration of water on the inside of the cell

- the water moves out and the cell shrivels

26
Q

Hypotonic solution

A
  • higher concentration of water on the outside of the cell

- water moves into the cell and the cell lyses

27
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • brings substances inside the cell
  • Phagocytosis: “cell eating,” solid matter
  • Pinocytosis: “cell drinking,” liquid matter
28
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • discharges substances out of the cell
29
Q

Active transport

A
  • utilizes protein channels
  • energy is used to pump substances against the concentration gradient
  • allows cells to maintain specific concentration of certain molecules
30
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A
  • uses ATP to pump 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell
  • generates a concentration gradient with more Na+ outside of the cell than inside
  • purpose: for conduction of signals along nerve cells, and transportation of important molecules into the cell against their concentration gradient

BIO 101 (6 decks)

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