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Biology 124 > Chapter 4: Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Lipid bilayer with embedded protein molecules

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2
Q

Genes

A

Segments of DNA that code for specific proteins

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3
Q

Enzymes

A

Molecules that speed up the rates of a reaction

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All parts of the cell between plasma membrane and central region

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5
Q

Organelles

A

Small organised structures important for cell function

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

Aqueous solution containing ions and organic molecules

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Protein-based framework. Maintains cell shape and plays key roles in cell division and chromosome segregation

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8
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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9
Q

Nucleoid (P)

A

Central region of prokaryot. No boundary membrane.

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10
Q

Eukaryote

A

Domain Eukarya

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Central region of eukaryot. Separated a membrane

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12
Q

Shapes of Prokaryotes

A
  • Rodlike
  • Spherical
  • Spiral
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13
Q

Prokaryotic Chromosome

A

Single, circular molecule of DNA

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

Particles in cytoplasm that use info from mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins
rRNA groups in nucleus, then exits to form Ribosomes in cytoplasm
Either free or on membranes

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15
Q

Cell wall (P)

A

Rigid external layer outside of plasma membrane of prokaryots. Helps protect against damage

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16
Q

Glycocalyx (P)

A

Polysaccharide coating of cell wall. Either slime layer or capsule

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17
Q

Functions of plasma membrane (pro)

A
  • Transport

- Matabolizers

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18
Q

Flagella (P)

A

Threadlike protein fiber that facilitates movement

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19
Q

Eukarya breakdown

A
  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Animals
  • Plants
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20
Q

Cytosol function

A
  • energy metabolism
  • molecular synthesis
  • support
  • mobility
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21
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

Method of separating parts of a cell

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22
Q

Plasma membrane protiens

A
  • Form channels for transport
  • Receptors
  • Trigger molecules
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23
Q

Nuclear envelope (E)

A

Tow lipid bilayer membranes separating nucleus from cytoplasm

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24
Q

Lamins (E)

A

Protein filaments reinforce inner surface of nuclear envalope

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25
Q

Nucleoporins (E)

A

The proteins that used to form the nuclear pore complexes

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26
Q

Nuclear Pore Complex (E)

A

Exchanges components between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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27
Q

Nuclear Pore (E)

A

Channel through nuclear pore complex. Exchange of RNA

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28
Q

Nuclear localization signal (E)

A

Short amino acid sequence distinguishing nuclear proteins

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29
Q

Nucleoplasm (E)

A

The semiliquid substance in the nucleus

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30
Q

Chromatin (E)

A

In nucleus

A complex of DNA and proteins

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31
Q

Eukaryotic Chromosome

A

Each individual DNA molecule and its proteins

32
Q

Chromatin

A

Any collection of eukaryotic DNA molecules

33
Q

Nucleoli (E)

A

Plural of nucleolus

irregular structures that form around genes coding for rRNA

34
Q

Endomembrane System (E)

A

interrelated membranous sacs that divide the cell into functional/structural compartments.
Lipid bilayers

35
Q

Functions of endomembrane system (E)

A
  • synthesis and modification of proteins
  • transport of proteins to organells/out
  • synthesis of lipids
  • detoxification of some toxins
36
Q

Vesicles (E)

A

Small membrane-bound compartments that transfer substances between parts of the system

37
Q

Components of endomembrane system (E)

A
  • Golgi complex
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Lysosomes
  • Vesicles
  • Plasma membrane
38
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (E)

A

extensive interconnected network of membranous channels and vesicles called cisternae

39
Q

ER lumen (E)

A

The space inside cisternae

40
Q

Cisternae (E)

A

A single membrane that surrounds the ER lumen

41
Q

Rough ER (E)

A

Synthesis, processing and trafficking of large variety of proteins
Membrane covered in ribosomes

42
Q

Smooth ER (E)

A

Synthesis lipid for membranes

Convert toxins into more tolerable substances

43
Q

Cisternae (E)

A

Stacks of flattened, membranous sacs that make up Golgi complex

44
Q

Secondary vesicles (E)

A

The vesicles that transport proteins from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane

45
Q

Exocytosis (E)

A

A secondary vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and the contents released to outside

46
Q

Endocytosis (E)

A

Plasma membrane forms a pocked that pinches off as a endocytic vesicle

47
Q

Lysosomes (E)

A

Small vesicles that contain enzymes for the hydrolysis (digestion) of complex molecules
Found in animals and protists

48
Q

Autophagy (E)

A

The process when an endocytic vesicle fuses with a lysosome to digest organelles not functioning correctly

49
Q

Phagocytosis (E)

A

Process when some types of cells engulf bacteria or other debris and break them down

50
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Energy-rich molecules are broken down to H2O and CO2 by mitochondrial reactions, with the release of energy

51
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells and algae

52
Q

Mitochondrial membranes

A

Outer: Smooth. Covers outside of organelle
Inner: Expanded by folds called cistae

53
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion.

54
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Mitochondria may have originated from mutually advantageous relationship between ingested prokaryot and the cell that ingested it

55
Q

Microbodies (E)

A

Small, simple membrane-bound organelles found in various forms in virtually all eukaryotic cells

56
Q

Structural elements of cytoskeleton

A
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microfilaments
57
Q

Centrosome

A

A site near the nucleus where cytoskeletal microtubules radiate out from

58
Q

Centrioles

A

Midpoint of microtubles

59
Q

Functions of microtubles

A
  • Anchor membranous organelles
  • Tracks for vesicle movement
  • Separate and moving chromosomes during division
  • Maintaining shape
60
Q

Function of intermediate filaments

A

Structural support in many tissues and cells

61
Q

Motor proteins

A
  • Kinesins
  • Dynesins
  • Myosins
62
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

Transporting nutrients, proteins and organelles.

Responsible for amoeboid movement

63
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Highly specialised vacuole
Site of photosynthesis
Two boundary membranes

64
Q

Amyloplasts

A

Colourless plastids that store starch

starch product of photosynthesis

65
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Responsible for colours of ripening fruit/autumn leaves

66
Q

Thylakoids

A

Flattened closed sacs that make up the third membrane system within a chloroplast. Stacked to form grana

67
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The primary light absorbing molecule.

68
Q

Central vacuoles

A

Large vesicles in plant cells

Store salts, organic acids, sugars, storage proteins, pigments, waste

69
Q

Tonoplast

A

Membrane surrounding central vacuole

70
Q

Cell wall (E)

A

Provide support
Contain pressure caused by vacuole
Protect against bacteria and fungi

71
Q

Middle lamella

A

Polysaccharide (pectin) layer between plant cells.

72
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Channels that perforate primary and secondary cell walls

73
Q

Levels of molecules that hold cells together

A
  • Cell adhesion molecules: Bind cells together
  • Cell junctions: Seal space between cells, provide direct communication
  • Extracellular matrix (ECM): Protects cell, provides mechanical linkages
74
Q

Cell adhesion molecules

A

Glycoproteins embedded in plasma membrane
Maintain body form and structure
Play part in tissue recognition

75
Q

Types of cell junctions

A
  • Anchoring junction
  • Tight junction
  • Gap junction
76
Q

Extracellular Matrix componants

A
  • Collagen
  • Proteoglycans
  • Fibronetins

Biology 124 (2 decks)

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