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Biology > Chapter 4 Chemical Compositions In a Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Chemical Compositions In a Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is water and what is it made up of?

A

It is an inorganic compound consisting of 2 hydrogen ions and an oxygen ion

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2
Q

What are some properties of water?

A

Polar molecules
Cohesive force and adhesive force of water
Specific heat of water

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3
Q

Are water molecules polar molecules? and what are its uses?

A

Water molecules are polar molecules because shared electrons between oxygen and hydrogen will be attracted towards oxygen which is more electronegative
This allows it io produce hydrogen bonds and water to act as a universal solvent

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4
Q

Explain about the universal solvent
properties of water

A

Allow solutes such as glucose and electrolytes to be transported through the plasma membranes into cells for biochemical reactions

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5
Q

Explain about the cohesive and adhesive force of water and its importane

A

Water molecules attach to each other through a cohesive force and also attach to other surfaces through adhesive force
Both forces produce the capillary action which allows water to enter and move along narrow spaces, such as the xylem tube

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6
Q

Explain about the specific heat capacity of water

A

Has a specific heat capacity of 4.2 kJ kg-1 C-1, which means that 4.2 kJ of heat energy is required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1C
Water absorbs a lot of heat energy with a small rise of temperature which helps to maintain the body temperature of organisms

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7
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds that contain carbon elements

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8
Q

What are polymers

A

Polymers are macromolecules comprising of small molecules known as monomers

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9
Q

What are macromolecules formed from?

A

formed from large and complex compounds

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10
Q

Examples of polymers

A

Nucleic acid, Carbs, protein

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11
Q

What is the importance of carbohydrates

A

Source of energy
Basic structure of some organisms

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12
Q

What is the chemical formula of carbohydrates?

A

( CH2O )n

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13
Q

What are the 3 main types of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides ( simple sugars )
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides ( Complex sugars )

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14
Q

What are Monosaccharides?

A

Carbohydrate monomers and can combine to form polymers through a condensation reaction
Most monosaccharides taste sweet, form crystals and dissolve in water

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15
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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16
Q

Where can glucose be found

A

found in plants such as rice and wheat, fruits. They are also the most commonly found monosaccharide and most polysaccharides are formed from this sugar

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17
Q

Where can Fructose be found

A

Honey and sweet fruits

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18
Q

Where can galactose be found?

A

Milk, yoghurt, cheese

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19
Q

What is the use of monosaccharrides?

A

Has reducing power, which is the ability to transfer hydrogen to other compounds. This is known as the reducing process

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20
Q

How are disaccharides molecules formed?

A

When 2 simple sugar molecules combine through condensation to form a disaccharide unit which involves the removal of a water molecule

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21
Q

Examples of the process of condensation to form disaccharides

A

Glucose + glucose > Maltose + water
Glucose + fructose > Sucrose + water
Glucose + galactose > Lactose + water

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22
Q

Examples of disaccharides and where they can be found

A

Maltose ( grains )
Lactose ( dairy product )
Sucrose ( fruits and vegetables )

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23
Q

Explain the process of hydrolysis in disaccharides

A

The process of breaking down disaccharides to their monosaccharides with the addition of one water molecule

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24
Q

Examples of reducing sugars

A

Maltose, Lactose

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25
Examples of non-reducing sugars
Sucrose
26
What are polysaccharides
Sugar polymers consisting of monosaccharide monomers
27
How are polysaccharides formed
Formed through the condensation process and involves hundreds of monosaccharides to form long molecular chains
28
Are polysaccharides soluble in water?
No, this is due to their large molecular size
29
What does hydrolysis do to polysaccharides?
Disintegrates polysaccharides with the help of dilute acids, boiling and enzyme action
30
What are the importance of polysaccharides
Source of energy Food reserve Support structure
31
Importance of cellulose, glycogen and starch
Cellulose: form the main structure of the cell wall Starch: Main storage of polysaccharide in plants and also found in chloroplasts Glycogen: Main storage of polysaccharide in muscle cells and animal liver cells
32
What is protein and what elements does it compose of?
Complex compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen elements and sometimes sulphur and phosphorus
33
Examples of food rich in protein?
Fish, meat, milk, beans
34
Other than elements what are proteins are composed of? Explain
Polypeptides, and each polypeptides are made up of monomers or small units known as amino acids and are linked togehter through the condensation process
35
What are dipeptides composed of?
Composed of 2 amino acid molecules linked together by a peptide bond through the condensation process. Further condensation link more amino acids to form a polypeptide chain
36
Importance of protein in a cell?
Build new cells repair damaged tissues synthesize enzymes, hormones, antibodies and haemoglobin Form building blocks in the body
37
What "building blocks" does protein form in the body
Keratin in the skin Collagen in bones Myosin in muscle tissues
38
What are Lipids and what is it made up of
Naturally occurring hydrophobic compounds found in plants and animal tissues. It is made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen elements but with a higher ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms
39
Are lipids soluble in water? If not what is it soluble in?
Its not soluble in water but soluble in other organic solvents like alcohol, ether or chloroform
40
Types of lipids?
Fats Waxes Phospholipids Steroids
41
What are fats?
Triglycerides
42
What are trigylerides
Type of ester formed from condensation of one glycerol molecule with 3 molecules of fatty acids
43
What are glycerols?
a type of 3 carbon alcohol that contain three hydroxyl groups
44
What are the 2 types of fatty acids
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
45
What are the similarities between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Both consist of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon elements Both contain glycerol and fats Both contain nonpolar molecules
46
What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats ( 3 -4 points each )
Saturated - Have only single bonds between carbon - Exist in solid form at room temperature - Does not form chemical bonds with additional -hydrogen atoms because all bonds between carbon atoms are saturated Unsaturated - Have at least one double bond with carbon - Exist in liquid form at room temperature - Double bonds will still receive one or more additional hydrogen atoms because carbon atoms are unsaturated
47
What is wax composed of
One molecule of alcohol that combines with another molecule of fatty acid and is waterproof
48
What are phospholipids made up of?
Made up of one glycerol that combines with 2 molecules of fatty acid and one group of phosphate
49
What are steroids?
Lipids that do not contain fatty acids.
50
Example of steroids
Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone
51
Importance of lipids in cells ( fats, wax and cholesterol )
Fats Reserve energy for animals Protect internal organs Heat insulator Wax Covers epidermis of leaves and sebum created by skin Ensure stability of plasma membrane Cholesterol Steroid hormone synthesis
52
What are nucleic acids
One or two polymer chains comprising of nucleotide monomers
53
What elements are nucleic acid formed from?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
54
What are each nucleotide consist of?
Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and a phosphate group combined together through a condensation process
55
What is pentose sugar and what types are there?
5-carbon sugar Ribose, deoxyribose
56
What are nitrogenous base consist of?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
57
How many types of nucleic acids are there?
Deoxyribonucleic acid ( contains deoxyribose sugar ) Ribonucleic acid ( contains ribose sugar )
58
Explain the structure of the DNA
Consist of a two polynucleotide chains that are intertwined in opposite directions and form a double helix Nitrogenous base groups on both polynucleotide chains are matched and bound together
59
What nitrogenous base are there in DNA
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine Adenine pairs with thymine while Guanine pairs with Cytosine ( AT - GC )
60
Explain the structure of the ribonucleic acid
Single polynucleotide chain which is shorter compared to DNA The nitrogenous bases for RNA is adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
61
What are the 3 main types of RNA? and what are their uses?
messenger RNA Ribosome RNA transfer RNA Protein synthesis
62
What is the importance of nucleic acids?
Carrier of hereditary information, which determines the characteristics in a living organism Contains genetic code for the synthesis of polypeptides which form proteins
63
What is histone?
DNA polynucleotide chains that are wound around a protein

Biology (10 decks)

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