Chapter 4 (diagnosis, assessment, and study of mental disorders)

Question 1

Dimensional approach

Answer 1

-refers to defining abnormal behaivor on a continuum or spectrum

Question 2

Abnormal behaivor consists of

Answer 2

1. Emotional states
2. Cognitive styles
3. Physical behaivor

Question 3

Categorical approach

Answer 3

One either has or doesn’t have a mental disorder

Question 4

Diagnosis

Answer 4

Defined by rules how many and what features of a mental disorder must be present

Question 5

General features of mental disorder according to DSM

Answer 5

1. A group of emotional, cognitive, or behaivoral symptoms called a syndrom that occur within a person
2. these symptoms are usually associated with emotional distress or disability(impairment) in life activities
3. the syndrom is not simply expected or culturally approved response to a specific event, such as grief and sadness followed by death of a loved one
4. The symptoms are considered to reflect dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes

Question 6

Classification

Answer 6

Refers to arranging mental disorders into broad catagories or classes based on similar features

Question 7

Clinical assessment

Answer 7

Involves evaluating a person’s strengths and weaknesses and understanding the problem at hand to develop a treatment

Question 8

Reliability

Answer 8

The consistency of scores or responses

Question 9

Test-retest reliability

Answer 9

The extent to which a person provides similar answers to the same questions across time

Question 10

Interrater reliability

Answer 10

Agreement between 2+ rafters or judges about the level of a trait or presence/absence or a feature or diagnosis

Question 11

Internal consistency reliability

Answer 11

Relationship among test items that measure the same variable

Question 12

Validity

Answer 12

The extent to which an assessment tequnique measures what it is suppose to measure

Question 13

Content validity

Answer 13

How well test or interview items adequately measure various aspects of a variable, construct or diagnosis

Question 14

Predictive validity

Answer 14

How well test scores or diagnoses predict and correlate with the behaivor or test scores that are observed or obtained at some future point

Question 15

Concurrent validity

Answer 15

How well test scores or diagnoses correlate with a related but independent set of test scores or behaivor

Question 16

Construct validity

Answer 16

How well test scores or diagnoses correlate with other measures or behaivors in a logical and theoretically consistent way

Question 17

Standardization

Answer 17

Administering or conducting assent measures int he same way for everyone

Question 18

Unstructured interviews

Answer 18

Allow interviewer to ask questions that come to mind in any order

Question 19

Structured interview

Answer 19

Require and interviewer to standardize questions in a specified sequence
Ex. SCID

Question 20

Intelligence tests

Answer 20

Asses cognitive functioning and provide estimates for an individual’s intellectual ability
Ex. Weschler intelligent scale

Question 21

Personality assessment

Answer 21

Refers to instruments that measure different traits or aspects of our character

Question 22

Objective personality measures

Answer 22

Involve administering a standard set of questions or statements to which the person responds using set options
Ex. Beck depression inventory

Question 23

MMPI-2 validity scales

Answer 23

Used to detect people who are trying to look a certain way or who are defensive or careless when taking a test

Question 24

MMPI-2 clinical scales

Answer 24

Can suggest certain diagnoses, and indicate various personality styles and problematic behaivors

Question 25

Projective tests

Answer 25

Based on the assumption that people faced with an ambiguous stimulus such as an “inkblot” will project their own needs, personalityies, and conflicts Ex. Rorschac and TAT

Question 26

Behaivoral assessment

Answer 26

Measure overt behaivors or responses shown by a person

Question 27

Organismic variables

Answer 27

A person’s physiological or cognitive characteristics that may help the therapist understand a problem and determine treatment

Question 28

Naturalistic observation

Answer 28

Client is directly observed in their natural environment

Question 29

Self monitoring

Answer 29

A person observes and records his own emotions, thoughts, and behaivors

Question 30

Dysfunctional thought record

Answer 30

Helps identify and monitor situations, thoughts, responses, and outcomes associated with problems such as depression

Question 31

Biological assessment examples

Answer 31

Neuroimaging Neurochemical assesments Psychophysiological assesments Neuropsychological assesment

Question 32

Neurochemical assesment

Answer 32

-biological assesment of difunction in certain NT systems

Question 33

Metabolites

Answer 33

Products of NT’s that can be found in the blood and cerebral spinal fluid that indicates levels of NT’s in the brain

Question 34

Psychophysiological assesment

Answer 34

Evaluating bodily changes associated with certain mental conditions Ex.s EEG, Galvanic skin conductance, EKG

Question 35

Neuropsychological assesments

Answer 35

Indirect, non invasive measures of brain and physical function Ex. Bender Visual moter Gestalt test

Question 36

Scientific method steps

Answer 36

1. Generate the hypothesis 2. Develope a research design 3. Analyze and interpret data

Question 37

Hypothesis must be

Answer 37

Testable and falsifiable

Question 38

External validity

Answer 38

The extent to which the result can be generalized to the whole population

Question 39

Natural experiment

Answer 39

Observational study in which nature itself helps assign groups

Question 40

Cross sectional studies

Answer 40

-examing differnt groups of people at one point in time

Question 41

Sequential design

Answer 41

Begins as a cross sectional study but the groups are examined over a shorter time frame