Chapter 4 - Evolution of Thought & Human Societies Flashcards
(36 cards)
When did the human mind evolved today?
Modern cognition evolved in Europe ________ years ago. That’s when cave art, jewelry and sculpted figurines all seemed to appear for the first time.
40,000 years ago
How did the human brain evolved
Brain size increases rapidly
Human brain size evolved most rapidly during a time of dramatic climate change. Larger, more complex brains enabled early humans to interact with each other and with their surroundings in new and different ways.
How old is the Human Brain?
it is about ________ years old.
The modern human brain may only be _ _ _ _ _ _ years old, scientists say. Homo sapiens have been around for about _ _ _ _ _ _ _ years. But our modern-shaped human brains may have only come into existence about _ _ _ _ _ _ _ years ago, researchers say.
The human brain is 40,000 years old
The homo sapiens have been around for about 200,000 years
As we enter midlife, our brains change in subtle but measurable ways. The overall volume of the brain begins to shrink when we’re in our 30s or 40s, with the rate of shrinkage increasing around age 60.
Take note.
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How did evolution begin?
Experiments suggest that organic molecules could have been synthesized in the atmosphere of early Earth and rained down into the oceans. RNA and DNA molecules — the genetic material for all life — are just long chains of simple nucleotides. Replicating molecules evolved and began to undergo natural selection.
Take note.
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This is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates—in particular genus Homo—and leading to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, which includes the great apes.
Human Evolution
The ____ as depicted by Ernst Haeckel in The Evolution of Man (1879) illustrates the 19th-century view of evolution as a progressive process leading towards man.
**
Tree of life
“Man” is at the crown of the tree; for Haeckel, as for many early evolutionists, humans were considered the pinnacle of evolution.
Take note.
What does the tree of life tell us.
The tree of life is a metaphor which expresses the idea that all life is related by common descent.
The evolutionary tree shows the relationships among various biological groups. It includes data from DNA, RNA and protein analysis.
**WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE TREE OF LIFE IN STUDYING EVOLUTION?
**
Evolutionary trees can be used to visualize how certain traits of a living organism evolved in relation to other traits and organisms
The term _________________ is used to denote trends which have resulted in great social changes outside the political sphere, such as changes in mores, culture, philosophy or technology.
Many ________________ have been global, while others have been limited to single countries.
revolution
What is the essence of intelletcual revolution?
_ _ _ _ _ as it exists today is the product of two past great intellectual revolutions.
academia
This was the period of enlightenment when developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. This paved to the creation of modern science and its empirical method in the acquisition of knowledge.
Scientific revolution
The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , in the 18th century.
Voltaire, Diderot, Condorcet and the other
philosophers had the profoundly important idea
that it might be possible to learn from scientific
progress how to achieve social progress
towards an enlightened world.
french revolution
While its dates are debated, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus’ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as marking the beginning of the Intellectual Revolution.
Take note.
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ was a Polish astronomer known as the father of modern astronomy. He was the first modern European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, or the Heliocentric Theory of the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus
What was the Astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543.
This model positioned the Sun at the center of the Universe, motionless.
Heavenly motions are uniform, eternal, and circular or
compounded of several circles (epicycles).
Around the Sun, in order, are Mercury, Venus, the Earth and Moon, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the fixed stars.
Copernican Heliocentric Model
Before the Copernican theory was accepted, astronomers believed that the Earth was the center of the universe and the heavenly planets including the sun revolve around the earth.
What was the name of such model that believed that all celestial objects — including the planets, Sun, Moon, and stars — orbited Earth. Earth, in the center of the universe, did not move at all.
Ptolemy’s model
“Earth-centered”
or “geocentric”
Who was this Italian mathematician who helped prove the heliocentric model of Copernicus?
Galileo Galilei
From 1609, Galieo Galilei used the recently
invented telescope to observe the sun, moon and
planets.
He saw the mountains and craters of the
moon, and for the first time revealed the planets to
be worlds in their own right.
Galileo also provided strong observational evidence that planets orbited the sun.
Take note.
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A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is defined as “an important change that happens when the usual way of thinking about or doing something is replaced by a new and different way.“
Paradigm shift
The paradigm shift is the movement of the belief from the Ptolemaic system “Geocentric model “(the earth at the center of the universe)
to the Copernican system “Heliocentric Model” (the sun at the center of the universe).
Take note.
The Copernicus Revolution play a significant role in society during that period because it rejected the Church to believe and questioned church teaching.
It also encouraged Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler to study further about the universe and its planets positions
Copernicus’ work was ultimately most significant because it changed the way people used physics and astronomy to understand the universe.
Take note.
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This person is often cited as the greatest biologist in history. His most famous work, On the Origin of Species, explains the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Charles Darwin
