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Kine 3800 > Chapter 4 Hormonal Control > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Hormonal Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are androgens ?

A

-Testosterone and its derivatives
-most common ergogenic aid used by female athletes

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2
Q

What are ergogenic effects ? (associated with steroid use)

A

Enhanced physical performance,stamina and recovery

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system refer to ?

A

Endocrine glands and their hormones

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4
Q

What do hormones regulate ?

A
  • Metabolism, fluid / electrolytes, and calorie intake
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5
Q

What is the communication system of endocrine system ?

A

Endocrine system = Chemical communication

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6
Q

How does endocrine communication differ from nervous system ?

A

Slower responding and longer lasting

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7
Q

How does endocrine maintain homeostasis ?

A

-Through hormones
-Chemicals that control and regulate cell/organ activity
-Secreted in blood
-Act on target cells (has specific hormone receptors)

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8
Q

Is the endocrine system anatomically connected ?

A

No it is not.

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9
Q

An endocrine gland can only secrete one hormone.

A

False

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10
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system (expanded) ?

A

-Constantly monitors internal environment
-Coordinates integration of physiological systems during rest and exercise
-Maintains homeostasis during exercise
(controls substrate metabolism, regulates fluid/electrolyte balance)

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11
Q

How are hormones categorized as ?

A

Steroid and nonsteroid

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12
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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13
Q

What does lipid soluble mean ?

A

Diffuses through membranes

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14
Q

What are the major glands and the steroid they secrete ?

A

– Testes (testosterone)
– Ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
– Adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone)
– Placenta (estrogen, progesterone)

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15
Q

What are nonsteroid hormones made out of ?

A

-Protein/peptide hormones (most nonsteroid)
-Amino acid derived hormones

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16
Q

What are the important non steroids and their glands ?

A

Protein/Peptide
-From pancreas, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
(Insulin, glucagon, GHRH, GH, etc.)
*Most non steroid hormones

Amino Acid derived hormones
-Thyroid (T3, T4)
- Adrenal medulla
(epinephrine + norepinephrine = Catecholamine)

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17
Q

Can nonsteroid hormones cross membranes like steroid hormones ?

A

No they are not lipid soluble

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18
Q

How does it limit effects to specific targets?

A

By using hormone-specific receptors

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19
Q

What happens if you do not have the receptor?

A

No receptor = no hormone effect

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20
Q

What is Hormone bound to receptor called ?

A

hormone–
receptor complex

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21
Q

Where are receptor locations of steroids (lipid soluble) ?

A

receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell
(intracellular receptor)

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22
Q

Where are receptor locations of nonsteroids (nonlipid soluble) ?

A

receptors on membrane of target cell (cell membrane
receptor)

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23
Q

What happens when hormone receptor complex enters nucleus ?

A

– Binds to DNA and activates certain genes
– In response, mRNA synthesized within nucleus
– mRNA enters cytoplasm, promotes protein synthesis

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24
Q

What may the proteins be that the hormone receptor complex synthesizes ?

A

– enzymes
– structural proteins
– Regulatory protein that alters enzyme function

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25
What happens when nonsteroid receptors land on cell membrane?
trigger release of intracellular second messengers
26
What do the second messengers do ?
– Carry out hormone effects – Intensify strength of hormone signal
27
What could the instensifying strength of hormones signals do ?
* Activation of cellular enzymes * Change in membrane permeability * Promotion of protein synthesis * Change in cellular metabolism
28
What are common secondary messengers ?
– Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) – Cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP)
29
What does hypothalamus do in regard to the endocrine system ?
Stimulates release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland
30
How does the hypothalamus stimulate release of hormones ?
By molecules known as releasing hormones or factors
31
How does the hypothalamus encourage release from posterior pituitary gland ?
Provided ADH – Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
32
What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do ?
Stimulates cortisol release from adrenal glands
33
What does Luteinizing hormone (LH) do ?
Stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen
34
What does Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do ?
Controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland
35
What Major endocrine glands are responsible for metabolic regulation ?
– Anterior pituitary gland – Thyroid gland – Adrenal gland – Pancreas
36
What do the Major endocrine glands are responsible for metabolic regulation do ?
Hormones released by these glands affect metabolism of carbohydrate and fat during exercise
37
What does the Anterior Pituitary Gland do ?
It secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic hormone factors
38
What hormones does the Anterior Pituitary Gland do ?
– Includes both releasing factors and inhibiting factors. – Exercise increases secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones.
39
What is one of the most important hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland ?
Growth Hormone
40
What are the effects of Growth Hormone ?
– Potent anabolic hormone – Builds tissues, organs (Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis) – Long bone growth – Promotes muscle growth (hypertrophy) – Stimulates fat metabolism (spares plasma glucose)
41
What does GH released during aerobic and resistance exercise result in ?
– proportional to exercise intensity – remain elevated after exercise
42
What does the thyroid secrete ?
Secretes triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
43
What happens when T3 and T4 increases ?
– metabolic rate of all tissues (influences RMR-resting metabolic rate) – protein synthesis – number and size of mitochondria - increase aerobic metabolism = Increase ATP – glucose uptake by cells – rate of glycolysis & gluconeogenesis – FFA mobilization
44
Where are the adrenal glands?
Above each kidney
45
What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands ?
The adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
46
When stimulated by sympathetic nervous system what does the adrenal medulla release ?
catecholamines
47
What do catecholamines do ?
– Causes “fight-or-flight” response – Epinephrine 80%, norepinephrine 20% - increase Exercise = increase sympathetic nervous system= increase epinephrine and norepinephrine
48
What does catecholamines release increase in body functions ?
– Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure – Glycogenolysis – Lipolysis – Blood flow to skeletal muscle
49
What is the important hormone of adrenal cortex ?
cortisol (hydrocortisone)
50
What does cortisol (hydrocortisone) do on release ?
– increase gluconeogenesis for fuel – increase FFA mobilization – protein catabolism for repair, enzyme production, gluconeogenesis – Acts as an anti-inflammatory, depresses anti-immune reactions.
51
What are the 2 major hormones of pancreas ?
Insulin and Glucagon
52
What does the pancreas do during hyperglycemia (e.g., after a meal) ?
the pancreas releases insulin
53
What is the main function of insulin ?
lowers [blood glucose] – counters hyperglycemia – increases glucose transport into cells (especially muscle) – increases glycogenesis (making glycogen) – inhibits gluconeogenesis (stops making glucose)
54
What does the pancreas do during hypoglycemia ?
the pancreas releases glucagon
55
What is the main function of glucagon ?
increase [blood glucose] – counters hypoglycemia – increases glycogenolysis (liver glycogen to glucose) – gluconeogenesis
56
What happens to carbohydrate metabolism regulation during exercise ?
During exercise... * ↑Glycogenolysis (glycogen=glucose) * ↑Gluconeogenesis (FFA, protein=glucose)
57
What hormones regulate metabolism ?
-Growth hormone (anterior pituitary) -T3/T4 (Thyroid) -catecholamines (adrenal medulla) -Cortisol (Adrenal cortex) -Insulin (Pancreas) -Glucagon (Pancreas)
58
What do the hormones that regulate metabolism specifically do
-GH = Stimulates fat metabolism (spares plasma glucose)
59
What does adequate plasma glucose require a balance of during exercise?
– Glucose release by liver – Glucose uptake by muscles
60
What hormones help circulate glucose during exercise ?
– Glucagon – Epinephrine }INCREASE glycogenolysis – Norepinephrine – Glucagon/Cortisol=protein catabolism= INCREASE in gluconeogenesis
61
What happens to regulation of carbohydrate metabolism as exercise intensity increases ?
– catecholamine release INCREASES – glycogenolysis rate INCREASES (liver, muscles) – muscle glycogen is used before liver glycogen
62
What happens to regulation of carbohydrate metabolism as exercise duration increases ?
– more liver glycogen is used; – INCREASE in muscle glucose uptake= INCREASE in liver glucose release – as glycogen stores DECREASE glucagon levels INCREASE
63
Insulin: enables glucose uptake in muscle
True
64
What happens during exercise when insulin concentrations DECREASE ?
Due to INCREASE in insulin sensitivity during exercise more glucose uptake into cells with less insulin.
65
During endurance exercise how is fat metabolism regulated ?
* FFA mobilization and fat metabolism: critical to endurance exercise – Glycogen depleted, fat energy substrates needed – In response, fat breakdown (lipolysis) accelerated
66
What do Triglycerides equal ?
FFA and glycerol – Fat stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue – Broken down into FFAs, transported to muscle – Rate of triglyceride breakdown into FFAs: possible determinant of rate of cellular fat metabolism
67
How is lipolysis stimulated ?
– (decreased) insulin, – epinephrine, – norepinephrine, – cortisol – GH *They stimulate lipolysis via lipase.
68
GH:____ FFA Mobilization & ____ Cellular Glucose uptake.
Increases, Decreases
69
T3,T4:____ glucose catabolism and fat metabolism
Increases
70
What are the effects Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes during exercise ?
– Water shifts from plasma volume to interstitial and intracellular spaces – Sweating increases during exercise
71
What happens to plasma volume during exercise ?
* DECREASE of plasma volume during exercise – Prolonged running can decrease PV by 5 – 10%
72
What are the effects of plasma volume decreasing during exercise ?
- Blood pressure DECREASES -Heart Strain INCREASES *This impedes exercise performance
73
What glands are involved in monitoring fluid levels and electrolyte balance ?
– Posterior pituitary gland (ADH) – Adrenal cortex (Aldosterone) – Kidneys (not only a target organ; also a gland) (EPO)
74
What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete ?
antidiuretic hormone (also called ADH or vasopressin), oxytocin *Produced in hypothalamus ut stored there
75
Where does the ADH increase water reabsorption ?
Kidneys
76
What is the point of the ADH?
Minimizes water loss and severe dehydration
77
What does the adrenal cortex secrete besides cortisol ?
Aldosterone
78
How does Aldosterone contribute to Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes ?
Increases sodium (Na+) retention by kidneys which leads to water retention via osmosis
79
What does EPO (erythropoietin) do ?
– Released in response to low blood O2 in kidneys. – Stimulates red blood cell production. – Is critical for adapting to training, altitude.
80
How are the kidneys involved in Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes ?
– release erythropoietin (EPO) that targets bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell (RBC) production – are target tissue for ADH & aldosterone – Can stimulate: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
81
What is the goal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism ?
To release aldosterone which: increases Na+ retention by kidneys which increases water retention via osmosis
82
What triggers the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism ?
* Kidneys sense decrease in blood volume and decrease in BP *It then releases enzyme called renin into circulation
83
What happens in the RAA mechanism after renin is releases into circulation ?
* In circulation renin converts angiotensinogen molecule into angiotensin I * In the lungs, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE): converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II * Angiotensin II reaches adrenal cortex and stimulates aldosterone
84
How is the GI tract involved in Hormonal Regulation of Calorie Intake?
releases hormones that affect hunger signals
85
What hormones regulators are released in GI tract for calorie intake ?
– Cholecystokinin (CCK) – Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) – Peptide YY (PYY) – Ghrelin
86
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Is stimulated when stomach is full; decreases appetite.
87
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) & Peptide YY (PYY)
Is released in small intestine; decreases appetite
88
Ghrelin
Increases appetite
89
Adipose is an endocrine organ what does it release ?
Leptin is released from adipose stores and reduces hunger
90
If obese people have higher leptin why do they not have decreased hunger ?
They are resistant
91
What happens to Hormonal Regulation of Calorie Intake during acute exercise ?
Moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise leads to DECREASE in ghrelin temporarily reduces hunger
92
What happens to Hormonal Regulation of Calorie Intake during chronic exercise ?
* Does not change ghrelin response in people who do not lose weight during exercise training * Ghrelin increases in those who do lose weight

Kine 3800 (4 decks)

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