Chapter 4: Human Health

Question 1

What is a disease?

Answer 1

An abnormal condition of body or mind that causes discomfort , difficulty to function or stress to an individual.

Question 2

How are infectious disease caused?

Answer 2

It is caused by infection of pathogen directly through mediums and vectors

Question 3

How are non-infectious diseases caused?

Answer 3

It is caused by genetic factor or lifestyle.

Question 4

Give some examples of infectious disease.

Answer 4

TB, Zika, Dengue, Leptospirosis, Flu , Malaria, Ringworm, Tinea

Question 5

Give some examples of non-infectious disease.

Answer 5

Cardiovascular disease, Diabetes, Cancer, Hypertension , Asthma

Question 6

What is a pathogen and in what form they could appear?

Answer 6

A pathogen is an organism that causes diseases, they can be a bacteria, virus, fungi , protozoa and worm

Question 7

What are the 2 types of transmission of Airborne diseases?

Answer 7

• Dust transmission

- Droplet transmission

Question 8

How can airborne diseases be prevented?

Answer 8

• cover mouth and nose while sneezing, coughing or yawning
• don’t spit everywhere
• Avoid being in crowded place
• Ensure the living place gets enough light as ultraviolet rays can kill certain microorganisms in the air

Question 9

How does waterborne diseases transmit?

Answer 9

Infection through water usually happens in areas with inadequate water supply and poor sanitation.

Question 10

Examples of waterborne disease?

Answer 10

• Cholera
• Typhoid
• Amoebic dysentery

Question 11

How to prevent waterborne diseases?

Answer 11

• Add chlorine into swimming pools and water supply systems
• Build toilet with good sanitation
• Boil drinking water properly
• Wash hands with soap after using the toilet

Question 12

State 2 diseases transmitted through contact

Answer 12

• Tinea

- Ringworm

Question 13

What pathogen does a fly transmit?

Answer 13

Salmonella typhi

Question 14

What can a rat bring? (pathogen)

Answer 14

Leptospira sp.

Question 15

State the symptoms of typhoid.

Answer 15

fever, intestinal bleeding and red rashes

Question 16

State the symptoms of Dengue

Answer 16

joint pain, fever, headache and watery eyes

Question 17

State the primary stage of preventing the disease.

Answer 17

• Improving health
➟ Improving personal and family hygiene, cleanliness of living places and sanitation systems

• Strengthening the body’s defence system
➟ Getting vaccines and immunisation for babies, children, pregnant women, food premises operators, hajj pilgrims and travellers.

• Frequent health check-ups

• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
➟ Inhaling clean air
➟ Eating a balanced diet

Question 18

State the secondary stage of preventing the disease

Answer 18

• Determining transmission of infections through active and passive case detection
➟ Giving early treatment to patients
➟ Separating patients from others

Question 19

State the tertiary stage of preventing the disease.

Answer 19

• Controlling vector populations
➟ Destroying vector breeding and hiding places
➟ Fogging to kill vectors
➟ Enforcing laws by issuing compounds to the owner of dirty food premises

• Protecting hosts
➟ Using mosquito nets or mosquito coils
➟ Wearing thick clothes

Question 20

Through what systems could pathogens enter?

Answer 20

• respiratory system
• digestive system
• excretory system
• skin.

Question 21

Which lines of defence are non-specific body defence mechanisms?

Answer 21

First and second line.

Question 22

What is the first and second line’s defence “weapon”?

Answer 22

Skin, mucous membrane and white blood cell

Question 23

How do white blood cells defence the pathogen?

Answer 23

White blood cells engulf and digest the pathogens using enzymes through phagocytosis

Question 24

What is an antibody?

Answer 24

The antibody is a protein produced by white blood cells into the bloodstream in response to antigens.

Question 25

What is an antigen?

Answer 25

An antigen is a foreign substance that comes from outside the body and induces the production of antibodies.

Question 26

What is Immunisation?

Answer 26

Immunisation is an effort to stimulate the body defence against infections in by injecting vaccines.

Question 27

What is a vaccine?

Answer 27

A vaccine contains antigens obtained from a part or the whole structure of a weakened or dead virus or bacterium.

Question 28

What is antiserum?

Answer 28

Antiserum is a clear liquid in the blood that contains antibodies to prevent diseases.

Question 29

State if passive natural, passive artificial, active natural and active artificial is temporary or lasts long, fast or slow.

Answer 29

Passive natural: temporary and short-lived Passive artificial: temporary and fast Active natural: lasts long but needs 2 times Active artificial: lasts long

Question 30

State how passive natural, passive artificial, active natural and active artificial is being obtained.

Answer 30

Passive natural: when a baby receives antibodies from breast milk or from the mother’s blood that flows across the placenta. Only survives a few weeks after the baby is born. Passive artificial: when an antiserum is injected into the patient’s body. Active natural: when a person recovers from an infection Active artificial: when a vaccine that contains a dead or weakened pathogen is injected into the body, and the immune system responds by producing antibodies.

Question 31

State causes of weakened immunity.

Answer 31

Exposure to polluted air Exposure to pesticides Stress Excessive intake of sugar