Chapter 4: Human Movement system in Fitness

Question 1

nervous system

Answer 1

a conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body

Question 2

central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 2

the division of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Primary function is to coordinate activity of all parts of the body

Question 3

motor control

Answer 3

how the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

Question 4

motor learning

Answer 4

integration of motor control processes with practice and experience that leads to relatively permanent changes in the body’s capacity to produce skilled movements

Question 5

motor development

Answer 5

change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan

Question 6

structural efficiency

Answer 6

structural alignment of the muscular and skeletal systems that allows the body to maintain balance in relation to its center of gravity

Question 7

neuron

Answer 7

functional unit of the nervous system

Question 8

dendrite

Answer 8

portion of a neuron that is responsible for gathering information from other structures

Question 9

cell body

Answer 9

portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and golgi complex

Question 10

axon

Answer 10

a cylindrical projection form the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other neurons or effector sites

Question 11

nerve impulses

Answer 11

consecutive linking of neurons by electrochemical signals that travel throughout the nerve fiber

Question 12

afferent neurons

Answer 12

nerve impulses that move toward the spinal cord and brain from the periphery of the body and are sensory in nature

Question 13

efferent neurons

Answer 13

efferent neurons are motor neurons that send a message for muscles to contract

Question 14

interneurons

Answer 14

only located within the spinal cord and brain; receive impulses from afferent (sensory) neurons and conduct back out to provide a motor (efferent) response

Question 15

mechanoreceptors

Answer 15

sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

Question 16

proprioception

Answer 16

cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movements

Question 17

muscle spindles

Answer 17

receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle, and the rate of that change

Question 18

golgi tendon organs (GTOs)

Answer 18

receptors sensitive to the change in tension of the muscle, and the rate of that change

Question 19

joint receptors

Answer 19

receptors in and around a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

Question 20

viscoelastic

Answer 20

ability to stretch linearly

Question 21

agonists

Answer 21

muscles that works as the prime mover of a joint exercise

Question 22

synergist

Answer 22

muscles that assist the primer mover in a joint action

Question 23

stabilizers

Answer 23

muscles that minimize unwanted movement while the agonist and synergist work to provide movement at the joint

Question 24

atagonists

Answer 24

muscles that oppose the prime mover

Question 25

ligament

Answer 25

strong connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Question 26

tendon

Answer 26

connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Question 27

axial skeleton

Answer 27

portion of the skeletal system that consists of the bones of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

Question 28

appendicular skeleton

Answer 28

portion of the skeletal system that includes the bones that connect to the spinal column including the EU and LE

Question 29

arthrokinematics

Answer 29

the motions of the joints in the body

Question 30

synovial joints

Answer 30

joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments; type of joint most associated with movement in the body

Question 31

nonsynovial joints

Answer 31

joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage

Question 32

stabilization system

Answer 32

muscles whose primary function is to provide joint support and stabilization; also known as the local muscular system

Question 33

global muscular system

Answer 33

system composed of four subsystems that are designed for larger muscles to work synergistically in larger movements patterns

Question 34

length-tension relationship (LTR)

Answer 34

the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at that resting length

Question 35

force-couple relationship

Answer 35

muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

Question 36

motor output

Answer 36

response to stimuli that activates movement in organs or muscles

Question 37

motor behavior

Answer 37

motor responses to internal and external environmental stimuli

Question 38

kinetic chain

Answer 38

the combination and interrelation of the actions of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems to create movement

Question 39

posture

Answer 39

position and bearing of the body for alignment and function of the kinetic chain

Question 40

biotensegrity

Answer 40

the examination of how biological structural integrity may occur

Question 41

range of motion (ROM)

Answer 41

the range through which a joint may be freely moved with no resistance or pain

Question 42

cumulative injury cycle

Answer 42

a cycle whereby an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesions, altered neuromuscular control, and muscle imbalances

Question 43

pattern overload

Answer 43

repetitive physical activity that moves through the same patterns of motion, placing the same stresses on the body over time

Question 44

repetitive stress injury (RSI)

Answer 44

injury due to pattern overload

Question 45

hypomobility

Answer 45

decrease in normal movement and functionality of a joint, which affects range of motion

Question 46

altered reciprocal inhibition

Answer 46

process by which a short muscle, a tight muscle, and/or myofascial adhesions in the muscle cause decreased neural drive of its functional antagonist

Question 47

synergistic dominance

Answer 47

when synergists take over function for a weak or inhibited prime movers

Question 48

tensegrity

Answer 48

refers to a skeletal structure in which compression and tension are used to give structure its form, providing stability an efficiency in mass and movement

Question 49

pelvo-ocular reflex

Answer 49

the neuromotor response of the pelvic girdle and LE that serves to orient the body region in response to head position and visual cues

Question 50

cardiorespiratory system

Answer 50

system of the body composed of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems

Question 51

cardiovascular system

Answer 51

system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels

Question 52

respiratory system

Answer 52

system of the body composed of lungs and respiratory passages that collect O2 from the external environment and transport it to the bloodstream