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MTL200 > Chapter 4 - Imperfections in Solids > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Imperfections in Solids Flashcards

1
Q

What is a point defect?

A

A defect that occurs with a singular atom

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2
Q

What is a linear defect?

A

A defect that occurs within a 1d space in the material

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3
Q

What is a interfacial defect?

A

A defect that occurs within a 2d space in the material

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4
Q

What is a vacancy?

A

A point defect where an atom is missing from where it should normally be

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5
Q

What is a interstitial?

A

An point defect where an atom places itself into a spot where normally nothing should be.

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6
Q

What type of metal has no defects?

A

None, all solids will have some type of defect, including pure metals

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7
Q

What is another name for a metal that is in greater amount in a solid solution?

A

Solvent

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8
Q

What is a solute in reference to alloys and solid solutions?

A

The metal in lesser concentration

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9
Q

What solid solutions are created by impurity point defects?

A

Substitutional and Interstitial

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10
Q

What do the Hume-Rothery rules describe?

A

The favorability of a solutes tendency to dissolve into a solvent

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11
Q

What is the maximum difference of atomic radius a solute and solvent can have according to Hume-Rothery, and what happens if the range is surpassed?

A

+-15% radius, lattice distortions form along with a new phase

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12
Q

What happens if the two metals have different crystal structures?

A

The solid solubility is non-appreciable

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13
Q

What is the relationship between electronegativity and solid solutions?

A

The more electronegative two metals are with each other, the less likely a solid solution is to form

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14
Q

Which metal is more likely to dissolve in another, one with higher or lower valency?

A

The metal with higher valency

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15
Q

How does a solute in an interstitial solid solution dissolve?

A

The impurity/solute fill the interstices between the host atoms.

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16
Q

What is the maximum allowable concentration of interstitial atoms in a solid solution?

A

10%

17
Q

How much interstitial carbon can an iron-carbon alloy have?

A

2%

18
Q

How are compositions of alloys usually expressed as?

A

Mass percent and Atom percent

19
Q

What is the main form of linear defect?

A

Dislocations

20
Q

What is an edge dislocation?

A

An extra half plane terminates within the structure

21
Q

What is a screw dislocation?

A

When atoms on a plane partially shift due to shear stress

22
Q

What is Burger’s Vector?

A

A vector that represents the extent of distortion

23
Q

What is the direction of Burger’s vector within an edge dislocation?

A

Perpendicular to the dislocation

24
Q

What is the direction of Burger’s vector within a screw dislocation?

A

Parallel to the dislocation

25
Q

What is a mixed dislocation?

A

A dislocation that exhibits components of both edge and screw dislocations

26
Q

What is a dislocation line?

A

The line of which the dislocation is centered on

27
Q

Why do materials tend to minimize at the surface?

A

The surface atoms have extra energy due to not being bonded on the external layer, so minimization is necessary

28
Q

What are some types of interfacial defects?

A

External surfaces, grain boundaries, phase boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults

29
Q

What are grain boundaries?

A

A defect that occurs when two different grains are misaligned with each other

30
Q

What is a tilt boundary?

A

A special grain boundary where edge defects align

31
Q

What can you call an array of screw dislocations?

A

A twist boundary

32
Q

What is a twin boundary?

A

A grain boundary where the two sides are mirror images

33
Q

What is a stacking fault?

A

Usually found in FCC, an interruption in the usual pattern of ABC planar stacking

34
Q

What are some features of a microstructure?

A

Grain size, and shape

35
Q

How is the microstructure revealed?

A

Etching

36
Q

How does the transmission electron microscope work?

A

An electron beam passes through the specimen

37
Q

How does the scanning probe microscope work?

A

The microscope generates a topographical map on an atomic scale

38
Q

How does the scanning electron microscope work?

A

The specimen is scanned with an electron beam and the reflected beam is collected and displayed

39
Q

What does ASTM stand for

A

American Society for Testing and Materials

MTL200 (8 decks)

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