Chapter 4: Introduction To Clinical Pharmacology Flashcards
(305 cards)
1
Q
The foundation of good pharmaceutical selling is based upon what?
A
A broad and throw knowledge of clinical pharmacology.
2
Q
What is anatomy?
A
The study of the basic structures of the body.
3
Q
What is physiology?
A
The study of how those body structures function.
4
Q
What is clinical pharmacology?
A
The study of the effects and movement of drugs in the human body.
5
Q
How many prescriptions are dispensed each year in the United States?
A
Over 3 billion prescriptions.
6
Q
How many Americans take one prescription drug regularly?
A
About 1/2 of all Americans.
7
Q
One out of six persons takes at least three prescription drugs. True or false?
A
True.
8
Q
The history of pharmacology began when humans first use plants, to relieve symptoms of disease. True or false?
A
True.
9
Q
The study of herbal remedies was called what before 1693?
A
Materia Medica.
10
Q
Modern pharmacology is thought to have begun in the early 1800s. True or false?
A
True.
11
Q
What is pharmacodynamics?
A
The study of what a drug does to the body.
(The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action).
12
Q
What is pharmacokinetics?
A
The study of how a drug is processed by the body.
13
Q
What is drug distribution and elimination?
A
Drug delivery systems, route of administration and modes of excretion.
14
Q
A drug is defined by United States law has any substance intended to affect the structure or function of the body. True or false?
A
True.
15
Q
What are the two categories drugs are divided into by law?
A
Prescription drugs, and non-prescription drugs.
16
Q
What are prescription drugs?
A
Drugs that may be dispensed only with a prescription for my licensed professional.
17
Q
What are non-prescription drugs?
A
Drugs considered safe for use without medical supervision. Over the counter drugs.
18
Q
What is drug abuse?
A
The excessive and persistent use of mind altering substances without medical need.
19
Q
What is a chemical name?
A
This describes the atomic or molecular structure of the drug.
20
Q
What is a generic name?
A
Simpler than a chemical name, the generic names for drugs of a particular type class usually have the same ending. Example -olol.
21
Q
What is a trade name?
A
This is chosen by the pharmaceutical company that manufactures or distributes the drug. Example Viagra or Advil.
22
Q
Drugs are broadly classified by therapeutic group. True or false?
A
True.
23
Q
What are antihypertensives?
A
Drugs used to treat high blood pressure.
24
Q
What is emesis?
A
This is the technical term for vomiting.
25
Pharmacology is most simply defined as the study of medicine. True or false?
True.
26
What are aminoglycosides?
A class of antibiotics, useful in the treatment of many infectious diseases.
27
The primary role of a pharmaceutical sales rep is to educate and detail physicians, so that prescribed medications are delivered and a safe manner. True or false?
True.
28
What is a major goal of studying pharmacology?
Limiting the number and severity of adverse drug events.
29
What are two particularly serious side effects of drugs. That must be carefully monitored.
Allergic an anaphylactic reactions.
30
What is MAR?
Medication administration record.
31
What is anaphylaxis?
A severe type of allergic reaction that involves the massive systemic release of histamine.
32
What are AEs?
Adverse events.
33
One issue of pharmacoeconomics is that some medications may be withheld due to serious unfavorable or adverse health risks. True or false?
True.
34
And its brightest definition of drug is any substance that produces a physical or psychological change in the body. True or false?
True.
35
What is the FFDCA?
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
36
Under the FFDCA, a drug is defined as any substance "intended for use in the diagnostics, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease" or a substance, other than food "intended to affect the structure or function of the body". True or false?
True.
37
What is therapeutics?
Therapeutics is the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention of disease and treatment of suffering.
38
What is pharmacotherapy?
The application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and the treatment of suffering.
39
Substance is applied for therapeutic purposes fall into one of three general categories:
- drugs or medications
- biologics
- complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies
40
After a drug is administered, it is called what?
Medication.
41
What is a chemical agent capable of producing biologic responses within a body?
Drugs.
42
What are biologics?
Agents naturally produce, and animal cells, by microorganisms, or by the body itself.
Examples are hormones, monoclonal, antibodies, vaccines, and natural blood products.
43
What are CAM therapies?
Complementary and alternative medicine therapies. These include herbs, vitamins, minerals, and supplements.
44
What is the basic structural and functional unit of the body?
The cell/cells.
45
What is a cell membrane?
A semi permeable membrane that is wrapped around the cell and protects it from outside elements. This membrane facilitates or blocks the entry and exit of various substances in the cell.
46
What are cell membrane receptors?
Specific molecules on the cell membrane surface that produce or block biological activity in the presence of specific substances, to which they bind.
47
What is the nucleus?
The brain of the cell that regulates all activities, some cells do not have a nucleus.
48
What is cytoplasm/protoplasm?
The substance inside the outer membrane and outside of the nucleus. This contains most of the intracellular fluid.
49
What is extracellular fluid?
Body fluid located between or outside of cells.
50
What are tissues?
A group of similarly specialize cells that perform the same function. Example is epithelial tissue also known as skin.
51
What are organs?
Specialized cells and tissues group together to perform a specific body function for a common purpose. Examples are the liver and the heart.
52
What are muscle tissues?
The three types of muscle tissues are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. The movement of muscle tissues is either voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary movements are directed. Involuntary movements are mostly cardiac and smooth muscle.
53
What is plasma?
The liquid portion of the blood that carries proteins and other substances.
54
What are proteins?
Made up of chains of amino acids, some of which are known as essential amino acids, because the body does not manufacture them, but must receive them from outside the body with food.
55
What are fats?
Stored in special body tissues, as a great source of reserve energy.
56
What are carbohydrates?
The bodies immediate source of energy. It is broken down into glucose and used for immediate metabolic reactions.
57
What are vitamins?
Substance is necessary for growth, development and normal regulation of metabolic processes. Must be taken in from outside the body.
58
What are minerals?
Substance is necessary for bodily processes, such as the balance of body, fluids, the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth in the proper functioning of muscles. The main minerals are calcium, potassium, iron, sodium, phosphorus, and iodine.
59
What is not a nutrient that is necessary for all body functions?
Water.
60
Fluids make up at least 60% of the body's weight. True or false?
True.
61
What is OTC?
Over the counter.
62
What is the cardiovascular system?
Consists of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood itself. The bodies main transportation system. Provides nutrients in hormones and removes waste from cells.
63
What is the respiratory system?
Consists of the nasal passages, the trachea, the diaphragm, and the lungs. Performs the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
64
What is the gastrointestinal system?
Consists of the mouth, esophagus stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and small and large intestine. Used by the body to acquire the energy and nutrients it needs to sustain itself.
65
What is the nervous system?
Consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) in the peripheral nervous system. The system conducts electrical signals throughout the body and allows it to interact with its environment.
66
What is a musculoskeletal system?
Consist mostly of the muscles to bones and other minor systems. Responsible for the body's basic frame support and movement
67
What is the reproductive system?
Consist of the penis, testes, seminal fluids (in the male) and ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glands (in the female). The system responsible for reproduction.
68
What is the immune system?
Consist of the lymph nodes, vessels, and cells. It's major purpose is to maintain the integrity of the body by attacking and removing invading foreign substances and microbes. It also helps remove excess fluid from the body.
69
The overwhelming feeling that drive someone's he is a drug repeatedly is?
Addiction.
70
What is dependence?
A physiological and psychological need for a substance.
71
What are schedule 1 drugs?
Drugs that have the highest potential for abuse.
72
What are schedule 5 drugs?
Drugs that have the lowest potential for abuse.
73
Schedule five is the only category in which some drugs may be dispensed without a prescription because the quantities of the controlled drug is so low that the possibility of causing dependence is extremely remote. True or false?
True.
74
Not all drugs with an abuse potential are regulated or place in the schedules. What are three examples of this?
Tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine.
75
What is a controlled substance?
A drug whose use is restricted by the controlled substances act of 1970 and later revisions.
76
What is a teratogen?
A substance that has the potential to cause a defect in an unborn child during pregnancy.
77
Category X teratogenic drugs pose, the most danger to a fetus. True or false?
True.
78
A drug's formulation is designed to optimize the ability of the body to properly use, and then rid itself of the drug. True or false?
True.
79
Pharmacokinetics uses a process called ADME testing to assess the actions of the body on the drug. True or false?
True.
80
What is ADME testing?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion testing. This is used to assess the actions of the body on the drug.
81
During development promising drugs are refined, to optimize benefits, and to minimize toxicity. True or false?
True.
82
What is absorption?
How the drug passes from the site of administration into the bloodstream.
83
What is distribution?
How the drug is dispersed among the organs of the body, after it is absorbed into the bloodstream and how much reaches the target organs.
84
What is metabolism?
How the active part of a drug is metabolized into a more water soluble compound that can be readily excreted by the kidneys.
85
What is excretion?
How the drug is eliminated from the body.
86
What is selectivity?
A compound's ability to target the intended site.
87
What is affinity?
A compound's ability to remain attached to the site.
88
What is potency?
A compound's ability to optimize it's strength.
89
What is efficacy?
A compound's effectiveness.
90
What are drug kinetics?
What the body does to the drug.
91
What are drug dynamics?
What the drug does to the body.
92
What are placebos?
Substances that are made to resemble drugs, but do not contain an active drug.
93
Only about five of 4000 drugs studied in the lab are studied in people. True or false?
True.
94
Only about one of five drug study 10 people is approved. True or false?
True.
95
What is an echocardiogram?
Using sound waves to create pictures of the heart.
96
What are the main goals of drug development?
Effectiveness and safety.
97
What is the margin of safety?
This is the difference between the usual, effective dose, and the dose that induces, severe or life-threatening side effects.
98
Newer, sleep aids, such as temazepam and zolpidem, have a wider margin of safety, then barbiturates do. True or false?
True.
99
Warfarin is used for what?
Preventing blood clotting.
100
Clozapine is used for what?
Schizophrenia, but this drug has serious side effects, including a decrease in white blood cell production which means an increased risk of infection.
101
What are the five rights of drug administration?
1. Right patient.
2. Right medication.
3. Right dose.
4. Right route of administration.
5. Right time of delivery.
102
What is the ISMP?
Institute for safe medication practices.
103
What are additional rights of drug administration?
- The right to refuse medicine
- The right to receive drug education
- The right preparation
- The right documentation
104
The physician uses the three tracks of drug administration to help ensure patient safety and drug effectiveness. This includes checking the drug three times before giving it to the patient. True or false?
True.
105
Compliance or adherence to drug regimen is a major factor affecting pharmacotherapeutic success. True or false?
True.
106
A STAT order means what?
Any medication that is needed immediately and is to be given only once.
107
Order is not written as STAT, ASAP, NOW, or PRN are called routine orders. True or false?
True.
108
Dosages are labeled and dispensed, according to what?
Their weight or volume.
109
What are the three systems of measurement used in pharmacology?
Metric, apothecary, and household.
110
What is JCAHO?
The Joint Commission.
111
An 8 ounce glass of water is recorded as how many milliliters (mL)?
240 mL
112
What is drug administration?
The giving of a drug by one of several means (routes).
113
Drugs introduced orally are?
Taken by the mouth.
114
Drugs introduced intravenously are?
Injection into a vein.
115
Drugs introduced intramuscularly are?
Injected into a muscle.
116
Drugs introduced intrathecally are?
Injected into the space around the spinal cord.
117
Drugs introduced subcutaneously are?
Injected beneath the skin.
118
Drugs introduced sublingually are?
Placed under the tongue.
119
Drugs introduced rectally are?
Inserted into the rectum.
120
Drugs introduced vaginally are?
Inserted into the vagina.
121
Drugs introduced by the ocular route are?
Instilled in the eye.
122
Drugs introduced nasally are?
Sprayed into the nose and absorbed through the nasal membranes.
123
Drugs introduced by inhalation are?
Breathed into the lungs, usually through the mouth.
124
Drugs introduced cutaneously are?
Applied to the skin for a local (topical) or body wide (systemic) effect.
125
Drugs introduced transdermally are?
Delivered through the skin by a patch for a systemic effect.
126
What is inhalation?
Drugs taken through the lungs by inhaling in aerosol form. Example is general anesthesia.
127
What are injection routes?
Administration by injection (parenteral administration). Includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intrathecal routes.
128
What is intramuscular injection?
Drugs given by direct injection into muscle tissue, such as buttocks, the upper arm, or thigh.
129
What is intrathecal injection?
A needle is inserted between two vertebrae in the lower spine and into the space around the spinal cord, the drug is injected into the spinal canal.
130
What is intervenous or IV?
Refers to drugs, injected directly into the veins.
131
What is a subcutaneous injection?
A needle is inserted into fatty tissue just beneath the skin.
132
What is oral administration or p.o.?
Usually refers to tablets, capsules and liquids taken by mouth.
133
What is the rectal route?
Drugs administered rectally as a suppository.
134
What is the vaginal route?
Drugs that are administered vaginally two women as a solution tablet, cream, gel, or suppository.
135
What is the sublingual route?
Drugs taken under the tongue, and absorbed directly, and almost immediately into the bloodstream.
136
What is the ocular route?
Drugs used to treat eye disorders, made of liquid gels are ointments to apply to the eye.
137
What is the nasal route?
Breathed in through the nose, drugs must be transformed into tiny droplets in the air for this route.
138
What is topical or cutaneous?
Drugs administered through the skin for local effects on that area of the skin.
139
What is the transdermal route?
Drugs taken through the skin into the systematic circulation, such as through a patch.
140
What is a medication error?
This is the inappropriate or incorrect administration of a drug that should be preventable through effective system controls.
141
At least 44,000 deaths and 1.3 million injuries every year occur as a result of medication errors. True or false?
True.
142
Errors can occur in three stages within the medication process. True or false?
True.
143
What are the three stages of medication error?
1. Prescribing/ordering the meds.
2. Dispensing the meds.
3. Administering the meds.
144
What is the most common medication error?
Dosage.
145
A medication error must be reported as soon as it has noticed. True or false?
True.
146
Dragon absorption is what?
The movement of a drug into the bloodstream.
147
What is bioavailability?
How quickly and how much of a drug reaches its intended target site of action.
148
What are three factors that affect absorption?
1. The way a drug product is designed and manufactured.
2. It's physical and chemical properties.
3. The physiological characteristics of the person taking the drug.
149
When are drug products considered bioequivalent?
When they not only contain the same active ingredients, but also produce virtually the same blood levels over time.
150
What is therapeutic equivalence?
Production of the same medicinal effect. Bioequivalence ensures therapeutic equivalence.
151
What is a controlled release product?
A product designed to release its active ingredients slowly over time.
152
How and how long a drug product is stored can affect drug bio availability. True or false?
True.
153
What does drug distribution refer to?
The movement of a drug to and from the blood and various tissues of the body.
154
Drug metabolism is the chemical alteration of a drug by the body. True or false?
True.
155
The liver is the site of most drug metabolism. True or false?
True.
156
Newborns and elderly people sometimes have difficulty metabolizing certain drugs. True or false?
True.
157
What is the main route of drug excretion?
The kidneys.
158
What are other routes of drug excretion? (Other than the kidneys).
The lungs (alcohol), breast milk (aspirin, barbiturates, etc.), sweat, tears, urine, and feces (certain drugs like rifampicin), bile (morphine, digitoxin, etc), saliva (sometimes used in monitoring drug concentrations in body fluids), exhaled air (main route of excretion for inhaled anesthetics).
159
The kidneys have an 85-year-old person excretes drugs only about half of efficiently as that of a 35 year old person. True or false?
True.
160
Pharmaceutics is the science of formulating drugs into different types of preparation such as tablets, appointments, injectable, solutions, or eyedrops. True or false?
True.
161
What is a medication error?
Failure to administer the drug in the correct form.
162
What are preparations for oral use?
The form of drug does (i.e. liquid or solid) is important, because the more rapid the rate of dissolution, the more readily the compound crosses, the cell membrane, and is absorbed.
163
What are powders?
A drug that is dried and ground into fine particles.
164
What are pills?
A single-dose unit of medicine made by mixing the powdered drug with a liquid, such as syrup and rolling it into a round or oval shape.
165
What are granules?
A small pill, usually accompanied by many others encased within a gelatin capsule.
166
What are tablets?
A pharmaceutical preparation made by compressing the powdered form of a drug and bulk filling material under high pressure. Can look like white discs. Types of tablets include chewable, sublingual, buccal, enteric-coated, and buffered.
167
What are capsules?
A medication dosage form in which the drug is contained in an external shell.
168
What is sustained release?
These drug forms contain several doses of a drug. The doses have special coatings that dissolve at different rates, so the drug is absorbed gradually.
169
What is an enteric coating?
Drug coatings that prevent the drug from dissolving in the stomach, these drugs do not dissolve until they reach the intestine.
170
What are caplets?
These are shaped like a capsule, but has the form of a tablet. The shape and film coated covering make swallowing easier.
171
What are gel caps?
A gel cap is an oil based medication that is enclosed in a soft gelatin capsule.
172
What are liquid drugs?
Liquid preparations include drugs that have been dissolved or suspended. Examples are syrups, solutions, elixirs, mixers, etc.
173
What are syrups?
Aqueous solutions containing high concentrations of sugar, syrups, and linctuses may or may not have medical substances added.
174
What are solutions?
A drug dissolved in an appropriate solvent.
175
What are elixirs?
A drug vehicle that consists of water, alcohol, and sugar.
176
What are fluid extracts?
A concentrated solution of a drug removed from a plant source by mixing ground parts of the plant with a suitable solvent, usually alcohol, and then separating the plant residue from the solvent.
177
What are mixtures and suspensions?
An agent is mixed with a liquid, but not dissolved.
178
What are tinctures?
Alcoholic preparation of a soluble drug usually from a plant source.
179
What are spirits or essences?
Alcohol containing liquids, that maybe use pharmaceutically as solvents.
180
What are magmas?
Contain particles suspended in a liquid and exhibit a more pasty quality and their consistency than other suspensions. Example is milk of magnesia.
181
What are troches are lozenges?
A hard or semi solid dosage form containing a medication intended for local application in the mouth or throat. Like a cough drop.
182
What are aerosols?
These meds are frequently delivered by oral inhalers or nebulizers that allow for rapid absorption into the blood circulation.
183
What are injectable drugs?
Drugs injected into the body. Parenteral forms of medication.
184
What are topical drugs?
Drugs that are applied to the skin.
185
What are liniments?
These are liquid suspensions for external application to the skin to relieve pain and swelling
186
What are semi solid drugs?
Often used for topical application, soft and pliable, such as creams and ointments
187
What are gels or jellies?
Semisolid substances in non-fatty bases that may be used for topical application and contain fine particles.
188
What is emulsion?
This is a pharmaceutical preparation in which two agents that cannot ordinarily be combined or mixed are combined
189
What are creams?
Semi solid preparation, that is usually white and contains a drug incorporated into both an aqueous and an oily base
190
What is lotion?
Suspension of drug in a water base for external use. Patted onto the skin rather than rubbed in.
191
What are ointments?
Semi solid preparation in an aqueous or oily base for local, protective, soothing, astringent, or transdermal application for systemic affects
192
What are plasters?
Composition of liquid or powder that hardens when dry.
193
What are transdermal patches?
Patches that are used for a constant time released systemic effect that are absorbed slowly through the skin
194
What are gaseous drugs (inhalation drugs)?
Pharmaceutical gases include anesthetic agents like nitrous oxide and halothane.
195
What are ophthalmic drugs?
Drops and ointments that are installed into the eye for a local effect.
196
What are otic drugs?
For the ears these can control localized infection, or inflammation
197
What are nasal drugs?
Nasal solutions can treat, minor congestion or infection and act locally. In the form of drops or sprays.
198
What are vaginal drugs?
Solutions, creams tablets, and suppositories. Common ones are anti-infective meds, and contraceptives.
199
What are rectal drugs?
Often used for those who cannot take drugs by mouth. Usually available as cocoa butter, or gelatin-based suppositories, or as enemas.
200
What are the two methods of dispensing drugs?
1. Over the counter (OTC)
2. Prescription.
201
What is OTC?
Over the counter
202
All prescription drugs have the legend "Caution: Federal Law, prohibits dispensing without a prescription" printed on the label. True or false?
True.
203
What is a cell receptor?
A receptor is a molecule with a specific three-dimensional structure to which only very specific substances can fit and attach.
204
Drugs that target receptors are classified as agonist or antagonists. True or false?
True.
205
Agonist drugs do what?
Stimulate their receptors.
206
Antagonist drugs do what?
Block the access or attachment of the body's natural agonists to their receptors.
207
Beta blockers are a type of antagonists. True or false?
True
208
Agonist and antagonist drugs can be used together in patients with asthma. True or false?
True
209
What do enzymes do?
They regulate the rate of chemical reactions.
210
Drugs do not change the basic nature of existing biological functions or create new functions. True or false?
True
211
Drugs cannot restore structures or functions already damaged beyond repair by the body. True or false?
True
212
Some drugs are hormones. True or false?
True
213
Most interactions between drugs and receptors/enzymes are reversible. True or false?
True
214
What is a drugs action affected by?
The degree of attraction (affinity) between it's and its receptor on the cell surface. Once it is bound to its receptor by its ability to produce an effect (intrinsic activity).
215
Drugs that activate receptors are agonists. True or false?
True
216
What can a drugs effects be evaluated in?
In terms of strength (potency) or effectiveness (efficacy)
217
What does efficacy refer to?
The potential maximum therapeutic response that a drug can produce.
218
What are some factors of how a person responds to a drug?
Genetic make up, age, body size, the use of other drugs, food intake, presence of disease, and the development of tolerance and resistance
219
N-acetyl transferase (a liver enzyme) works slowly in about half of the people in the US. True or false?
True.
220
About one and 1500 people have low levels of pseudocholinesterase (a blood enzyme that inactivates drugs). True or false?
True
221
About one of 20,000 people have a genetic defect that makes muscles overly sensitive to anesthetics such as halothane. True or false?
True
222
What are drug drug interactions?
Changes in a drug's effects caused by another drug, taken during the same time period.
223
What is duplication?
When two drugs with the same effects are taken, their therapeutic effects, and their side effects, may be intensified.
224
What is opposition (antagonism)?
Two drugs with opposing actions can interact, thereby reducing the effectiveness of one or both.
225
What is alteration?
One drug my alter, how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, or excretes another drug.
226
Chemicals in cigarettes smoke can increase the activity of some liver enzymes. True or false?
True.
227
What do drug drug interaction risks depend on?
The number of drugs used, the tendency of particular drugs to interact, and the amount of drug taken.
228
People with what diseases are more likely to have drug disease interactions?
Diabetes
High or low blood pressure
Glaucoma
Enlarged prostate
Poor bladder control
Insomnia
229
What is tolerance?
A persons diminished response to a drug.
230
What is resistance?
The ability of microorganisms, or "cancel" cells to withstand the effects of a drug that is usually effective.
231
An ideal drug, a "magic bullet" is a drug that would be aimed precisely at a disease site and would not harm healthy tissues. Proposed by Paul Ehrlich. Does this exist?
No.
232
Type A (augmented) reaction.
(Type of adverse drug reaction)
This type of reaction involves an exaggeration of the drugs therapeutic effects.
233
Type B (idiosyncratic) reaction
(Type of adverse drug reaction)
These reactions result from mechanisms that are not currently understood. Can be largely unpredictable.
234
Type C (continuing or chronic) reactions.
(Type of adverse drug reaction)
These persist for a long time.
235
Type D (delayed) reactions
(Type of adverse drug reaction)
These take some time to develop.
236
Type E (end of use) reactions.
(Type of adverse drug reaction)
These occur during drug withdrawal.
237
There is no universal scale for describing or measuring the severity of an adverse drug reaction. True or false?
True.
238
What can adverse drug reactions be described as?
Mild, moderate, or severe.
239
What are mild and moderate drug reactions?
Digestive disturbances
Headaches
Fatigue
Vega muscle aches
Malaise
Changes in sleep patterns
These reactions could be considered moderate if the person experiencing them considers them distinctly annoying, distressing, or intolerable.
240
What are severe drug reactions?
Reactions that can be life-threatening result, insignificant, disability, or birth defects.
241
Certain diseases can alter drug absorption, metabolism, illumination, and the body's response to drugs. True or false?
True
242
Risk factors for adverse drug reaction:
Use of several drugs
Age (especially infants and elderly)
Pregnancy and breast-feeding
243
The number and severity of allergic reactions do not usually correlate with the amount of drug taken. True or false?
True.
244
What does overdose toxicity refer to?
The serious, often harmful, and sometimes fatal toxic reactions to an accidental overdose of a drug.
245
Ways to improve drug compliance
Good communication
Encouraging patient participation
Liking their providers
Using only one pharmacist
Support groups
Memory aids
Specially designed medication containers
246
What is the chemical name of the drug?
It describes its atomic or molecular structure
247
The trade name of a drug identifies as the exclusive property of a particular company. True or false?
True
248
The generic name of the drug is the official name. True or false?
True.
249
Pre 1938 drugs are exempt from generic drug requirements, but only a few of these drugs are still prescribed. True or false?
True.
250
Legally, bioequivalence of different versions of a drug can vary up to 20%. True or false?
True
251
What is API?
Active pharmaceutical ingredient
252
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) fall into two basic categories. What are they?
Chemical and biological
253
Chemical APIs (advanced pharmaceutical ingredients) are small molecule products. True or false?
True
254
Biologic APIs (advanced pharmaceutical ingredients) are large molecule products. True or false?
True
255
Most biologics, like vaccines, work by triggering an immune response. True or false?
True
256
What are excipients?
Fillers, dyes, and flavors.
257
What are agonists?
Drugs that attract or bind cell receptors in order to mimic or enhance endogenous chemical messengers.
258
What are antagonists?
Drugs that interfere with destructive or undesirable cell functions.
259
What are excipients?
Fillers, dyes, and flavors. Can also be referred to as inactive ingredients.
260
Strength refers to the amount of active pharmaceutical ingredients in a drug. True or false?
True
261
Common drug delivery methods are parenteral, rectal, oral, and transdermal. True or false?
True
262
What are binders?
(Type of excipient class)
Binders cement the active and inactive components of tablets together to maintain cohesive portions.
263
What are fillers (diluents)?
(Type of excipient class)
Used to make the drug sufficiently large for easy manufacture and patient consumption.
264
What are glidants (flow enhancers)?
(Type of excipient class)
Added to powdered materials, used in pill production to aid movement through tabletting machinery.
265
What are colors?
(Type of excipient class)
Include a wide variety of dyes and coloring agents approved by the FDA for pharmaceutical use. Allergic reactions to these compounds are sometimes a problem.
266
What are flavors?
(Type of excipient class)
Both natural and synthetic, flavors are amendments to improve drug palatability. Flavors can be complex mixtures of compounds and often fall under the rubric of "trade secrets." The manufacturer therefore need not identify the components on its list of ingredients.
267
What are suspending/dispersing agents?
(Type of excipient class)
Maintain a consistent concentration of the active ingredient throughout a drug product.
268
What are disintegrates?
(Type of excipient class)
Help break up tablets in the gastrointestinal tract to ensure full release of the pharmaceutical active ingredient.
269
What are lubricants?
(Type of excipient class)
Is the release of tablets from the dies that stamp them during the manufacturing process.
270
What are compression aids?
(Type of excipient class)
Help pills hold their shape when compressed.
271
What are sweeteners (both with sugar and sugar free)?
(Type of excipient class)
Extremely common in oral medications, particularly in medicines for children.
272
What are printing inks?
(Type of excipient class)
Biologically safe dyes used for printing information or company logos on the exterior of tablets or capsules.
273
What are film former/coatings?
(Type of excipient class)
Protect against physical break up during storage and undesirable interactions with substances in which drugs come into contact. They can mask bad taste, and allow pills to be swallowed easily.
274
What is absorption?
The process by which a drug disintegrates in the stomach as molecules travel across the epithelial cell membranes lining the stomach and intestines, then reach the filtering system in the liver called the Portal System before reaching the systemic circulation. When a drug is taken by mouth, it is metabolized in the liver and converted from the parent drug into metabolites for therapeutic activity or excretion before it reaches the systemic circulation.
275
What are adverse reactions?
Any undesirable effects of a medication
276
What is AUC (area under the curve)?
AUC represents the extent of drug absorption or the quantity of drug that appears in the bloodstream following oral administration.
277
What is BID?
Twice a day.
278
What is bioavailability?
This is the rate and extent to which the active or therapeutic ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the intended site of drug action.
279
What is bioequivalence?
Two pharmaceutically equivalent drug products are bioequivalent if after drug administration, their bioavailabilities provide similar effects with respect to efficacy and safety.
Statistical variability is 20%.
Actual variability is in the range of 3.5 to 4%.
280
What is the blood brain barrier?
Protective layer of cells surrounding the blood vessels that feed blood to the brain.
281
What is Cmax?
Peak plasma concentration on a measuring curve
282
What is CNS?
Central nervous system
283
What is CSF?
Cerebrospinal fluid
284
What are drug-drug interactions?
Interaction of two drugs in the body can be positive or negative.
285
What are drug-food interactions?
The interaction of food and a given drug
286
What is duration of action?
The time interval, within which a given dose of a drug is expected to have therapeutic effect.
287
What is elimination?
The process by which a drug or its metabolites are removed from the body.
288
What is the first pass effect?
The metabolizing process in the liver that suppresses the amount of drug that eventually reaches the systemic circulation and the site of action.
289
What is the half-life of the drug?
The period of time it takes for a specific amount of drug in the body to be reduced, to exactly 1/2 of the original amount.
290
What is homeostasis?
A state of constant, consistent, and balanced internal environment in the body.
291
What is lipid soluble?
Ability to dissolve in lipids, or fat tissue.
292
What is the maximum effective dose?
The highest dose beyond which more of a given drug will produce no additional therapeutic effect.
293
What is mechanism of action?
The process by which a given drug works in the body to achieve its intended therapeutic effect.
294
What is onset of action?
The time it takes for a drug to start having any intended effect after it is administered.
295
What is PRN?
As needed
296
What is protein binding?
The ability of certain drugs to bind to plasma protein
297
What is QD?
Once a day
298
What is QID?
Four times a day
299
What are side effects?
The actions or effects of a drug beyond what it is clinically intended to do.
300
What is STAT?
Immediately
301
What is steady state?
When a drug is taken at regular intervals, absorption and elimination (and therefore drug plasma concentration) become fairly constant.
302
What is sustained release?
Drug delivery formulations designed to delay the absorption process so that a drug can be given in fewer daily dosages.
303
What is TID?
Three times a day
304
What is titration?
The process of adjusting drug doses to achieve the maximum positive therapeutic effects, while minimizing, adverse or side effects.
305
What is Tmax?
Time of peak plasma concentration on a measuring curve
