chapter 4 Kant, Helmholtz, Fechner

Question 1

noumental world

Answer 1

the external world

objects in their pure state independent of human experience

Question 2

phenomenal world

Answer 2

inner world

the noumental world is transformed as soon as it impacts the human mind

Question 3

intuitions

Answer 3

space and time, immediately and automatically localized by the mind

Question 4

law of specific nerve energies

Answer 4

C Bell
each sensory nerve in the body conveys one and only one kind of sensation; each sensory nerve produces only one sensation regardless of how it is stimulated

Question 5

vitalism

Answer 5

j muller
all living organisms have within themselves a nonphysical “life force” that is essential for them to be alive and that is not analysable

Question 6

physiological mechanism

Answer 6

opposite to vitalism (HH)

all physiological processes are potentially understandable in terms of ordinary physical and chemical processes

Question 7

physiology

Answer 7

the study of normal function within living creatures

Question 8

law of conservation of energy

Answer 8

all the kinds of forces in the universe are potentially interchangeable forms of single huge but quantitatively fixed reservoir of energy

Question 9

reaction time

Answer 9

the measured time that elapses between the presentation of a stimulus and the performand3 of a specific response

du Bois-Reymond agrees with HH

Question 10

sensations

Answer 10

raw elements of conscious experience, require no learning or prior experience

Question 11

perceptions

Answer 11

meaningful interpretations of sensations

Question 12

accommodation

Answer 12

lens is flat -> focused on distant objects

lens is bulged -> focus on nearby objects

Question 13

blind spot

Answer 13

HH

small part on the retina where the optic nerve does not exist and therefore it contains no light-sensitive cells.

Question 14

complementary colors

Answer 14

white producing pairs
red + blue-green
yellow+ blue-violet

Question 15

primary colors

Answer 15

blue, green, red

can produce white as well as any other color combination

Question 16

young-helmholtz trichromatic theory

Answer 16

individual nerves transmit sensory messages not only to a specific kind (visual, auditory0 but also of a specific quality (red, green or blue-violet)

three kinds of light sensitive receptor cells

Question 17

perceptual adaptation

Answer 17

distorting glasses experiment

Question 18

unconscious inference

Answer 18

visual experiences lead to unconscious adoption of certain rules that operate like the major premises in logical syllogism

Question 19

color afterimages

Answer 19

e hering
staring at a stimulus(red) will produce the afterimage of the complementary color (green) after shifting the gaze to a neutrally colored background

Question 20

visual cliff

Answer 20

e gibson

experiment; suggest that depth perception occurs even in the extremely young subjects who lack the sort of experience

Question 21

psychophysics

Answer 21

fechner
the study of relationships between the objectively measured intensities of various stimuli and the subjective impression of those intensities

Question 22

just noticeable difference

Answer 22

weber

the minimum amount of difference between two weights necessary to tell them apart

Question 23

absolute threshold

Answer 23

the smallest intensity of a stimulus that can be perceived

Question 24

fechner’s law

Answer 24

Perceived loudness/brightness is proportional to logarithm of the actual intensity measured with an accurate nonhuman instrument.
S=klogP
s- stimulus measured in jnd units
p- physical intensity
k - constant

Question 25

power law

Answer 25

stevens's law an empirical relationship in psychophysics between an increased intensity or strength in a physical stimulus and the perceived magnitude increase in the sensation created by the stimulus. S=kP la n

Question 26

gestalt psychology

Answer 26

the mind organizes experiences and perceptions into organized wholes that are more than the sums of their separate parts

Question 27

founders of gestalt psychology

Answer 27

max wertheimer kurt koffka wolfgang kohler

Question 28

apparent movement

Answer 28

the perception of continuous motion that occurs when observing a succession of slightly varying images desene animate phi phenomenon

Question 29

phi phenomenon

Answer 29

an irresistible and distinct impression of a single slit of light; a simplified version of motion picture

Question 30

figure

Answer 30

the whole entity that is consciously observed

Question 31

ground

Answer 31

the necessary backdrop against which the figure is defined

Question 32

gestalt principles (7)

Answer 32

proximity, similarity, closure, symmetry, common fate, continuity, connectedness

Question 33

holistic-organismic theory

Answer 33

k goldstein the brain should be regarded as a whole, acting as a unified entity to promote the well-being or self-actualization of the entire organism

Question 34

life space

Answer 34

k lewin every individual resides in a unique psychological field which is the totality of his or her psychological situation at that given moment

Question 35

Helmholtz

Answer 35

``` mechanism: all living organisms followed physiological processes, could all be understood in terms of principles conservation of energy first to do reaction time studies discovered blind spot, astigmatism Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory perceptual adaption ```

Question 36

wetheimer

Answer 36

inspired by apparent movement - perception of continuous motion that happens in varying image phi phenomena real & apparent moment produce identical negative afterimages - tendency to see stationary objects as moving in direction opposite of moving object that was observed before