Chapter 4 Male Black

Question 1

What was the primary purpose of the advisory board mentioned in the passage?
A) To oversee police officer recruitment.
B) To help quantify and address racial profiling by law enforcement.
C) To investigate police misconduct in Oakland.
D) To provide legal counsel to police officers

Answer 1

B) To help quantify and address racial profiling by law enforcement

Question 2

What law requires law enforcement agencies in California to collect demographic data on every pedestrian and traffic stop?
A) The Equal Protection Act of 2015.
B) The California Racial and Identity Profiling Act of 2015.
C) The Fair Policing Act.
D) The Law Enforcement Accountability Act

Answer 2

B) The California Racial and Identity Profiling Act of 2015.

Question 3

According to the passage, what has been one of the main concerns of the community regarding law enforcement?
A) The lack of community policing programs.
B) The over-policing of rural areas.
C) The disproportionate treatment of minorities in traffic stops.
D) The absence of police officers in high-crime neighborhoods.

Answer 3

C) The disproportionate treatment of minorities in traffic stops.

Question 4

What was one of the most notorious scandals involving the Oakland Police Department in the late 1990s and early 2000s?
A) The “Riders” scandal, where police officers planted drugs and assaulted civilians.
B) The case of a police officer wrongfully convicted of racial profiling.
C) A high-speed chase that resulted in the deaths of several officers.
D) The wrongful arrest of a local politician.

Answer 4

A) The “Riders” scandal, where police officers planted drugs and assaulted civilians.

Question 5

How did the victims of the “Riders” scandal describe their encounters with the Oakland Police?
A) They were arrested for minor offenses and released without issue.
B) They were wrongfully targeted and mistreated, with drugs planted on them by officers.
C) They were given community service as punishment for minor infractions.
D) They were treated with respect and dignity during their interactions with law enforcement

Answer 5

B) They were wrongfully targeted and mistreated, with drugs planted on them by officers.

Question 6

What was the community’s reaction to the advisory board’s efforts to address racial profiling?
A) They expressed complete satisfaction with law enforcement’s approach.
B) They showed frustration but also hope that the board’s work would bring change.
C) They were uninterested and did not attend the meetings.
D) They believed the law enforcement officers were justified in their actions.

Answer 6

B) They showed frustration but also hope that the board’s work would bring change

Question 7

How did the advisory board’s role help in addressing racial profiling in California?
A) They conducted criminal investigations into individual police officers.
B) They made recommendations to the California Attorney General on how to collect, store, and use stop data.
C) They wrote laws that would protect police officers from racial profiling accusations.
D) They organized protests and rallies across California.

Answer 7

B) They made recommendations to the California Attorney General on how to collect, store, and use stop data.

Question 8

What historical factor influenced the way police officers and community members interacted, according to the passage?
A) The socio-economic status of the officers.
B) The history of police relations within the community and broader racial disparities in crime and police treatment.
C) The level of education of both the police and the community members.
D) The number of police officers in the community.

Answer 8

B) The history of police relations within the community and broader racial disparities in crime and police treatment.

Question 9

Which statement best reflects the emotions expressed by the speakers at the meeting in Oakland?
A) A sense of hope and unity for future reforms.
B) Anger, fear, hopelessness, and frustration with the treatment by police.
C) Satisfaction with current police practices.
D) Apologies from community members for the actions of law enforcement.

Answer 9

B) Anger, fear, hopelessness, and frustration with the treatment by police.

Question 10

What type of data collection did the California Racial and Identity Profiling Act of 2015 mandate?
A) Data on police use of force only.
B) Data on pedestrian and traffic stops, including demographic information.
C) Data on police officer training and qualifications.
D) Data on civilian complaints against the police.

Answer 10

B) Data on pedestrian and traffic stops, including demographic information

Question 11

What event ultimately led to the exposure of police misconduct by the “Riders” in Oakland?
A) A mass protest against police brutality.
B) A rookie officer refusing to participate in the misconduct.
C) A public outcry after a police officer was killed.
D) The intervention of federal investigators

Answer 11

B) A rookie officer refusing to participate in the misconduct

Question 12

How did the Oakland Police Department’s leadership contribute to the “Riders” scandal?
A) By promoting community policing programs.
B) By endorsing overzealous policing tactics and rewarding officers for arrests.
C) By focusing on drug treatment programs for the community.
D) By ensuring all officers followed strict protocols.

Answer 12

B) By endorsing overzealous policing tactics and rewarding officers for arrests

Question 13

What was the outcome of the legal cases against the four officers leading the “Riders” scandal?
A) They were all convicted and sentenced to prison.
B) They were acquitted or had their cases dismissed.
C) They received administrative leave but were not charged.
D) They were relocated to other police departments.

Answer 13

B) They were acquitted or had their cases dismissed

Question 14

What was the total number of days the 119 plaintiffs spent in jail for crimes they did not commit, as a result of the “Riders” misconduct?
A) 1,000 days
B) 14,665 days
C) 50,000 days
D) 5,000 days

Answer 14

B) 14,665 days

Question 15

What was the settlement amount for the class-action lawsuit filed against the Oakland Police Department?
A) $1 million
B) $5 million
C) $10.9 million
D) $50 million

Answer 15

C) $10.9 million

Question 16

What significant finding did researchers discover from analyzing over 28,000 police stops in Oakland?
A) Black people were less likely to be stopped compared to white people.
B) There was no racial disparity in police stops.
C) Black people were disproportionately stopped, searched, and handcuffed compared to white people.
D) Police stops were mostly concentrated in wealthy neighborhoods.

Answer 16

C) Black people were disproportionately stopped, searched, and handcuffed compared to white people

Question 17

How did the racial disparities in police stops in Oakland compare to those found in other cities in the U.S. and other countries?
A) Oakland had the lowest rate of racial disparities in the country.
B) Similar racial disparities in police stops were found in other cities like Los Angeles, Boston, and Milwaukee.
C) Oakland was an outlier with no evidence of racial disparity.
D) Disparities were only found in the U.S. and not in countries like England or Canada.

Answer 17

B) Similar racial disparities in police stops were found in other cities like Los Angeles, Boston, and Milwaukee

Question 18

What did many people from black communities hope the revelations about police misconduct would lead to?
A) A reduction in the number of police officers in their neighborhoods.
B) An acknowledgment of the pain and real change from law enforcement.
C) The complete disbandment of the police department.
D) An increase in community policing officers.

Answer 18

B) An acknowledgment of the pain and real change from law enforcement

Question 19

What does the author suggest is necessary for real institutional change in policing?
A) Focusing only on improving data collection.
B) Looking beyond traffic stop data and addressing broader systemic issues.
C) Increasing the number of arrests made by law enforcement.
D) Removing all officers with misconduct records from duty.

Answer 19

B) Looking beyond traffic stop data and addressing broader systemic issue

Question 20

What does the speaker at the public hearing imply about the pain in black communities?
A) That the anger is solely directed at individual officers.
B) That their anger comes from not seeing any real change after years of suffering.
C) That the pain is temporary and will resolve on its own.
D) That it is caused by misunderstandings between police officers and the community

Answer 20

B) That their anger comes from not seeing any real change after years of suffering.

Question 21

. What was the main challenge with using racial disparities to gauge the quality of policing, according to the passage?
A) Racial disparities always provide clear evidence of police misconduct.
B) Racial disparities can be interpreted in opposing ways: as proof of racial profiling or as evidence of who is most likely to commit crimes.
C) Racial disparities in crime rates are not relevant to police actions.
D) Racial disparities are caused by media portrayals of crime rather than actual law enforcement data

Answer 21

B) Racial disparities can be interpreted in opposing ways: as proof of racial profiling or as evidence of who is most likely to commit crimes.

Question 22

According to the author, what is the potential issue with relying solely on data collection to address racial profiling?
A) Data collection is inaccurate and unreliable.
B) It can lead to conflicting interpretations that do not resolve underlying issues.
C) It doesn’t provide enough information for making law enforcement decisions.
D) It only benefits law enforcement officers and not the community.

Answer 22

B) It can lead to conflicting interpretations that do not resolve underlying issues

Question 23

What impact did the constant broadcast of “MALE BLACK” over police radios have on officers, according to the passage?
A) It encouraged officers to seek out non-violent offenders.
B) It created an automatic association between blackness and criminal activity.
C) It made officers more empathetic towards black suspects.
D) It helped officers focus on other aspects of a suspect’s identity beyond race.

Answer 23

B) It created an automatic association between blackness and criminal activity.

Question 24

What term did sociologist Everett Hughes use to describe the way that the “MALE BLACK” label overshadows other characteristics of a person?
A) Master status.
B) Social stigma.
C) Implicit bias.
D) Racial profiling.

Answer 24

A) Master status

Question 25

What did the young white officer share about his experience in the police force after hearing the "MALE BLACK" descriptor repeatedly over the police radio? A) He became desensitized and stopped noticing race. B) He began to scrutinize every black man he saw, associating them with potential criminal activity. C) He sought to challenge racial biases within his department. D) He became more comfortable engaging with black people in his community.

Answer 25

B) He began to scrutinize every black man he saw, associating them with potential criminal activity

Question 26

How did the officer’s friends react to his changed behavior after joining the police force? A) They were supportive of his heightened vigilance. B) They didn't notice any difference in his behavior. C) They were disturbed by how he started to look at black men as suspicious, even when they weren’t doing anything wrong. D) They encouraged him to engage more with black communities.

Answer 26

C) They were disturbed by how he started to look at black men as suspicious, even when they weren’t doing anything wrong

Question 27

What did the officer realize about his own behavior after reflecting on his actions? A) That he had become more fair and impartial in his policing. B) That he had begun to presume every black man posed a threat, even outside of his work hours. C) That he no longer noticed racial differences in his daily interactions. D) That his friends had misunderstood his behavior and intentions.

Answer 27

B) That he had begun to presume every black man posed a threat, even outside of his work hours.

Question 28

What is the central theme of the passage? A) The importance of implementing community policing strategies. B) The impact of implicit bias and racial profiling on law enforcement behavior. C) The success of data collection in reducing racial disparities in police stops. D) The benefits of police officers being trained in cultural sensitivity.

Answer 28

B) The impact of implicit bias and racial profiling on law enforcement behavior

Question 29

Why did the officer in the story feel compelled to act differently after his friends confronted him about his behavior? A) Because he realized he had been unjustly discriminating against people based on their race. B) Because he wanted to become a more effective police officer. C) Because his friends were upset, and he wanted to regain their trust. D) Because he felt compelled to follow the instructions of his superiors.

Answer 29

A) Because he realized he had been unjustly discriminating against people based on their race.

Question 30

What does the author imply about the long-term effects of repeated exposure to racial profiling descriptors like "MALE BLACK" in police work? A) It has no effect on officers' perceptions or behaviors. B) It can subtly but powerfully shape officers' perceptions and reactions to people of different races. C) It encourages officers to seek out crime in minority communities. D) It makes it easier for officers to dismiss concerns of racial profiling.

Answer 30

B) It can subtly but powerfully shape officers' perceptions and reactions to people of different races

Question 31

What realization did the officer come to after reflecting on his automatic response to black men in his patrol area? A) He had to abandon his profession to overcome his biases. B) He realized that his new behavior didn't align with the open-minded values he had before joining the force. C) He decided that the racial biases were justified due to the nature of his job. D) He thought he could not change his behavior because of the training he received.

Answer 31

B) He realized that his new behavior didn't align with the open-minded values he had before joining the force.

Question 32

What is the primary goal of procedural justice training for police officers? A) To teach officers the best tactics for stopping criminals. B) To build healthy relationships between officers and the public by improving interactions. C) To increase the number of arrests made by officers. D) To ensure officers remain impartial in all situations, regardless of race.

Answer 32

B) To build healthy relationships between officers and the public by improving interactions.

Question 33

According to the passage, why do people care as much about how they are treated by police as they do about the outcome of their interaction? A) Because the outcome is more important than respect. B) Because people want to be treated with fairness, respect, and dignity, which impacts their view of police legitimacy. C) Because most people dislike being stopped by the police. D) Because people want to see officers punished for wrongdoing.

Answer 33

B) Because people want to be treated with fairness, respect, and dignity, which impacts their view of police legitimacy.

Question 34

What is the role of cynicism in policing, as discussed in the passage? A) It motivates officers to work harder and be more effective. B) It helps officers remain detached and objective in their duties. C) It causes officers to become bitter and narrow their focus, undermining their ability to engage effectively with the public. D) It makes officers more empathetic to the people they encounter.

Answer 34

C) It causes officers to become bitter and narrow their focus, undermining their ability to engage effectively with the public.

Question 35

According to the passage, what effect does selective attention have on police officers? A) It allows them to better identify criminals based on their behavior. B) It makes them overly focused on the most violent offenders, ignoring the rest of the community. C) It encourages them to consider all aspects of a person's identity before making a judgment. D) It helps them to ignore distractions and focus on their tasks.

Answer 35

B) It makes them overly focused on the most violent offenders, ignoring the rest of the community

Question 36

What is the significance of the "invisible gorilla" experiment mentioned in the passage? A) It shows how police officers are trained to spot dangerous individuals in the community. B) It demonstrates how people can miss important information when they are focused on a specific task, like how officers may overlook broader community dynamics while focused on crime. C) It reveals how officers can become distracted by irrelevant details in a situation. D) It illustrates how public perception can be influenced by media coverage of crime.

Answer 36

B) It demonstrates how people can miss important information when they are focused on a specific task, like how officers may overlook broader community dynamics while focused on crime.

Question 37

What do officers hope to achieve by practicing procedural justice, according to the passage? A) They aim to make more arrests and increase their authority. B) They want to be seen as legitimate authorities and improve community compliance with the law. C) They seek to distance themselves from the public to avoid conflict. D) They hope to eliminate racial disparities in their arrests.

Answer 37

B) They want to be seen as legitimate authorities and improve community compliance with the law

Question 38

Why do many officers become cynical over time, according to the passage? A) Because they believe their work is not appreciated and feel unsupported. B) Because they are more successful in solving crimes. C) Because they feel they are making positive changes in the community. D) Because they receive too much praise from the public.

Answer 38

A) Because they believe their work is not appreciated and feel unsupported

Question 39

How does procedural justice training aim to counteract the negative effects of cynicism in policing? A) By encouraging officers to focus on arrests rather than building relationships. B) By reminding officers of their original motivations to serve and protect the public while treating people with respect. C) By teaching officers to dismiss community concerns as irrelevant to their work. D) By teaching officers to prioritize the safety of the community over their own well-being.

Answer 39

B) By reminding officers of their original motivations to serve and protect the public while treating people with respect

Question 40

What is one potential consequence of officers failing to engage with the principles of procedural justice, as mentioned in the passage? A) Officers will increase their arrest quotas. B) The public will have more trust in the police. C) Officers may unintentionally contribute to the breakdown of communication and escalate conflicts. D) Officers will become more empathetic towards those they arrest.

Answer 40

C) Officers may unintentionally contribute to the breakdown of communication and escalate conflicts

Question 41

According to the passage, how does procedural justice training suggest officers should view their interactions with the public? A) As opportunities to enforce authority. B) As transactions where they can either make a deposit or a withdrawal in terms of trust. C) As opportunities to increase arrests and enforce the law. D) As moments to distance themselves emotionally from the public.

Answer 41

B) As transactions where they can either make a deposit or a withdrawal in terms of trust.

Question 42

How did LeRonne Armstrong's childhood experience shape his perception of police officers? A) He viewed police as helpful figures who protected the community. B) He feared police officers more than criminals due to their unpredictability and violence. C) He believed police officers were a necessary part of maintaining order in his neighborhood. D) He trusted the police and felt protected by their presence.

Answer 42

B) He feared police officers more than criminals due to their unpredictability and violence.

Question 43

What was the "Hobson's choice" that residents like LeRonne Armstrong faced in his neighborhood during the crack cocaine epidemic? A) Choose between working in a lawful job or selling drugs. B) Endure the dangers of the violent drug trade or seek help from indifferent, brutal officers. C) Leave the neighborhood or join a gang for protection. D) Choose between joining a gang or moving to a safer part of the city.

Answer 43

B) Endure the dangers of the violent drug trade or seek help from indifferent, brutal officers.

Question 44

How did LeRonne Armstrong's mother try to protect him from the dangers of crime? A) She allowed him to participate in the drug trade to gain experience. B) She took him and his brother to visit her brothers in jail to show them the consequences of crime. C) She kept them away from the police and told them to ignore the violence in the neighborhood. D) She sent him to live in a different city to avoid the dangers of the neighborhood

Answer 44

B) She took him and his brother to visit her brothers in jail to show them the consequences of crime

Question 45

What impact did LeRonne Armstrong's visits to the county jail have on him? A) They made him excited about the idea of being incarcerated in the future. B) He grew indifferent to the violence in the neighborhood and the law. C) The visits made him despise the idea of ending up in jail and motivated him to avoid a life of crime. D) He decided he wanted to work in law enforcement to change the system from within.

Answer 45

C) The visits made him despise the idea of ending up in jail and motivated him to avoid a life of crime

Question 46

How did Armstrong's neighborhood change as the crack cocaine epidemic intensified? A) The community became more supportive and law-abiding. B) It became a more dangerous place with drug sales, turf wars, and violent gangs. C) Residents started organizing to fight the drug trade and protect the neighborhood. D) The police presence significantly decreased, allowing the community to thrive.

Answer 46

B) It became a more dangerous place with drug sales, turf wars, and violent gangs

Question 47

Why did LeRonne Armstrong's mother want him and his brother to hate the county jail? A) She wanted them to become criminals to better understand the criminal justice system. B) She hoped they would develop a strong desire to avoid jail and steer clear of a life of crime. C) She wanted them to sympathize with people who were incarcerated. D) She thought that visiting the jail would give them a sense of responsibility to help others avoid crime.

Answer 47

B) She hoped they would develop a strong desire to avoid jail and steer clear of a life of crime.

Question 48

What was LeRonne Armstrong's emotional response to the trips to the jail when he was young? A) He felt inspired to become a police officer. B) He hated the trips and complained about having to go to the jail. C) He felt a sense of pride in visiting his uncles who were incarcerated. D) He became curious about the lives of the inmates and wanted to learn more about crime.

Answer 48

B) He hated the trips and complained about having to go to the jail.

Question 49

What was the tragic event that led to LeRonne Armstrong’s decision not to seek revenge for his brother’s death? A) His brother was murdered in a gang war. B) His brother was shot and killed by a classmate at Oakland Tech High School. C) His brother was mistakenly identified as a gang member and killed by the police. D) His brother was involved in a robbery that ended in a fatal shooting.

Answer 49

B) His brother was shot and killed by a classmate at Oakland Tech High School.

Question 50

How did LeRonne Armstrong’s decision to not retaliate against his brother’s killer affect his standing in the community? A) He was praised as a hero for choosing peace. B) He was shunned and ostracized, being called a punk and scared. C) He was offered protection by local gangs. D) His decision was largely ignored by the community.

Answer 50

B) He was shunned and ostracized, being called a punk and scared.

Question 51

What role did basketball play in LeRonne Armstrong’s life after his brother’s death? A) It became his primary form of self-expression and a way to connect with the community. B) It provided him with a scholarship and an opportunity to go to college. C) It became his way of coping with grief, leading him to ignore his academic studies. D) It helped him gain acceptance from the gang members in his neighborhood.

Answer 51

B) It provided him with a scholarship and an opportunity to go to college

Question 52

After joining the Oakland Police Department, how did LeRonne Armstrong feel about working with an officer known as "the Slapper"? A) He was eager to work with him and learn from his experience. B) He felt conflicted, having grown up in the same neighborhood where the officer had terrorized residents. C) He immediately confronted him about his past behavior. D) He felt grateful for the opportunity to learn about policing from someone with such a strong reputation.

Answer 52

B) He felt conflicted, having grown up in the same neighborhood where the officer had terrorized residents

Question 53

How did Armstrong view the officer known as "the Slapper" when he met him in the locker room? A) He felt a sense of camaraderie with him and respected his authority. B) He was shocked to see the officer, who had terrorized his neighborhood, appear so ordinary and unremarkable. C) He admired the officer’s strict approach to law enforcement. D) He was eager to work closely with him to change police tactics.

Answer 53

B) He was shocked to see the officer, who had terrorized his neighborhood, appear so ordinary and unremarkable

Question 54

What internal conflict did LeRonne Armstrong experience regarding the police officers he worked with? A) He was conflicted by the way some officers viewed crime as a black-and-white issue, leading them to treat everyone like a suspect. B) He was torn between becoming a hardened officer or quitting the force altogether. C) He struggled with his desire to protect his community while also feeling disconnected from the police force. D) He believed all police officers were inherently good and could be trusted to protect the public.

Answer 54

A) He was conflicted by the way some officers viewed crime as a black-and-white issue, leading them to treat everyone like a suspect.

Question 55

What did LeRonne Armstrong observe about some officers' reactions when a criminal was killed? A) They expressed regret and sorrow for the loss of life. B) They celebrated the death, believing that the community was safer without that person. C) They were indifferent and did not discuss the incident. D) They tried to justify the killing as an act of self-defense.

Answer 55

B) They celebrated the death, believing that the community was safer without that person.

Question 56

What "us against them" mentality did Armstrong notice among some officers? A) Officers felt that they were the only ones who cared about solving crimes and protecting the community. B) Officers believed that the community was always wrong in its accusations. C) Officers viewed the local gangs as their true allies and the community as enemies. D) Officers were divided into different factions and rarely cooperated with each other.

Answer 56

A) Officers felt that they were the only ones who cared about solving crimes and protecting the community.

Question 57

How does LeRonne Armstrong view the "don't snitch" mentality in his community? A) He supports it as a form of self-preservation. B) He finds it disappointing, as it allows crime to go unpunished and reinforces distrust in law enforcement. C) He believes it is a necessary part of maintaining peace in the community. D) He thinks it is overrated and ineffective in solving crimes.

Answer 57

B) He finds it disappointing, as it allows crime to go unpunished and reinforces distrust in law enforcement

Question 58

What challenge does Armstrong highlight about community members' reluctance to share information with the police? A) They are afraid of being caught up in criminal activities. B) They are concerned about facing punishment from law enforcement for their cooperation. C) They don't trust the police and fear retribution from criminals. D) They don't see the value in cooperating with the police.

Answer 58

C) They don't trust the police and fear retribution from criminals

Question 59

What realization did Armstrong have as a newly minted police officer about crime patterns? A) Crime in his neighborhood was significantly different from that in other parts of the city. B) Crime patterns were specific to wealthy areas and not present in poorer neighborhoods. C) The crime patterns in his neighborhood were also occurring in other parts of the city, revealing broader trends. D) The crime rate was lower than he had expected.

Answer 59

C) The crime patterns in his neighborhood were also occurring in other parts of the city, revealing broader trends

Question 60

How did Armstrong’s interactions with black drivers differ from his interactions with white drivers during traffic stops? A) Black drivers were often defiant and confrontational, while white drivers were nervous. B) White drivers tended to get noticeably nervous, while black drivers were more defiant. C) Black drivers were more nervous and fearful, while white drivers were often more defiant and challenging. D) Both groups behaved similarly, showing no significant differences.

Answer 60

C) Black drivers were more nervous and fearful, while white drivers were often more defiant and challenging

Question 61

What was Armstrong’s initial belief regarding how he could impact policing in his community? A) He believed he could immediately change the way police interacted with residents. B) He thought he could quickly gain the community’s trust by using aggressive tactics. C) He felt that he could solve the crime problem by cracking down on all criminal activity. D) He believed that the problem of policing was too complex for any single officer to address.

Answer 61

A) He believed he could immediately change the way police interacted with residents.

Question 62

How did Armstrong feel about the idea of "trusting the hairs rising on the back of your neck" during police training? A) He found it to be a helpful and effective method for assessing threats. B) He believed it was an overly subjective approach and didn’t understand it. C) He thought it was a necessary tactic for survival in dangerous situations. D) He ignored it, preferring to rely on intuition and experience.

Answer 62

B) He believed it was an overly subjective approach and didn’t understand it.

Question 63

In the anecdote about the police officer interacting with a young black couple at the park, what did the young woman do when the officer began checking the teenager’s ID? A) She immediately protested the officer’s actions. B) She nervously called someone for advice on what to do. C) She became upset and demanded the officer explain his actions. D) She remained silent and observed the situation.

Answer 63

B) She nervously called someone for advice on what to do.

Question 64

What was the reason the young man in the park was stopped by the police? A) He was involved in a fight at the park. B) He fit the description of a suspect involved in a nearby crime. C) The police received a complaint about his behavior. D) He was violating park regulations.

Answer 64

B) He fit the description of a suspect involved in a nearby crime