Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
ATP-PC System:
A
Energy system used for ATP production during high- intensity, short duration exercise such as sprinting 100 m.
2
Q
ATP-PC Process:
A
Phosphocreatine decomposes and releases a large amount of energy that is used to construct ATP. There is 2-3 times more phosphocreatine in cells of muscles than ATP. This process occurs almost instantaneously, allowing for ready and available energy needed by the muscles. The system provides energy for muscle contraction for up to 15 sec.
3
Q
The phospohagen system represents the most rapidly available source of ATP for use by the muscle. The energy system is able to function in the described manner since:
A
- It does not depend on a long series of chemical reactions.
- It does not depend on transporting the O2 we breathe to the working muscles
- Both ATP and PC are stored directly within the contractile mechanisms of the muscle.
4
Q
ATP-PC is anaerobic or aerobic?
A
Anaerobic
5
Q
Anaerobic Glycolysis System:
A
Energy system that is a major supplier of ATP during high intensity short duration activities such as 400 or 800 m runs.
6
Q
Anaerobic Glycolysis Process:
A
Stored glycogen is split into glucose and through glycolysis, split again into pyruvic acid. The energy released during this process forms ATP. The process does not require O2. Anaerobic glycolysis results in the formation of lactic acid, which causes muscular fatigue.
7
Q
Anaerobic Glycolysis is nearly 50% slower than the phosphocreatine system and can provide a person with 30-40 seconds of muscle contraction. The energy system is able to function in the described manner since:
A
- It does not require the presence of O2
- It only uses carbohydrates (glycogen and glucose)
- It releases enough energy for the resynthesis of only small amounts of ATP.
8
Q
Aerobic Metabolism System:
A
Energy system used predominantly during low intensity long duration exercise such as running a marathon.
9
Q
Aerobic Metabolism Process:
A
The O2 system yields by far the most ATP, but it requires several series of complex chemical reactions. This system provides energy through the oxidation of food. The combination of fatty acids, amino acids and glucose with O2 releases energy that forms ATP. This system will provide energy as long as there are nutrients to utilize.
10
Q
Anatomical Position:
A
Erect posture of the body with the face forward, feet pointing forward and slightly apart, arms at the side, and palms forward with fingers and thumbs in extension.
11
Q
Frontal Plane:
A
(Coronal plane) divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
12
Q
What motions occur in the frontal plane?
A
Abduction, Adduction, & Lateral Flexion
13
Q
What axis is associated with the frontal plane?
A
AP axis
14
Q
Sagittal plane:
A
Divides the body into right and left sections
15
Q
What motions occur in the sagittal plane?
A
Flexion & Extension
16
Q
What axis is associated with the sagittal plane?
A
ML axis
17
Q
Transverse Plane:
A
Divides body into upper and lower sections
18
Q
What motions occur in the transverse plane?
A
Medial & Lateral Rotation
19
Q
What axis is associated with the transverse plane?
A
Vertical axis
20
Q
Define Class 1 Lever:
A
The axis of rotation (fulcrum) between the effort (force) and resistance (load).
There are very few class 1 levers in the body.
Ex. Triceps brachii force on the olecranon with an external counterforce pushing on the forearm.
Ex. Seesaw
21
Q
Define Class 2 Lever:
A
The resistance (load) is between the axis of rotation (fulcrum) and the effort (force).
The length of the effort arm is always longer than the resistance arm. In most instances gravity is the effort and muscle activity is the resistance. However, there are class 2 levers where the muscle is the effort when the distal attachment is on the weight bearing segment.
Ex. Wheelbarrow
22
Q
Define Class 3 Lever:
A
The effort (force) is between the axis of rotation (fulcrum) and the resistance (load).
The length of the effort arm is always shorter than the length length of the resistance arm.
Permit large movements at rapid speeds and are the most common lever in the body
Ex. Shoulder Abduction with weight at the wrist is a class 3 lever.
Ex. Elbow Flexion
23
Q
Define Fibrous Joints (Synarthroses):
A
Composed of bones that are united by fibrous tissue and are nonsynovial. Movement is minimal to none with the amount of movement permitted at the joint dependent on the length of the fibers uniting the bones.
24
Q
Suture:
A
Fibrous Joint (Synarthroses)
Union of two bones by a ligament or membrane
Immovable joint
Eventual fusion is termed (synostosis)
Ex. sagittal suture of the skull
25
Syndesmosis:
Fibrous Joint (Synarthroses)
Bone connected to bone by a dense fibrous membrane or cord
Very little motion
Ex. the tibia and fibula with interosseous membrane
26
Gomphosis:
Fibrous Joint (Synarthroses)
Two bony surfaces connect as a peg in a hole
The teeth and corresponding sockets in the mandible/ maxilla are the only gomphosis joints in the body
The periodontal membrane is the fibrous component of the joint
Ex. a tooth in its socket
27
Define Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses):
Cartilaginous Joints have hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage that connects one bone to another. These are slightly movable joints
28
Synchondrosis:
Cartilaginous Joint (Amphiarthroses)
Hyaline cartilage
Cartilage adjoins two ossifying centers of bone
Provides stability during growth
May ossify to asynostosis once growth is completed
Slight motion
Ex. sternum and true rib articulation
29
Symphysis:
Cartilaginous Joint (Amphiarthroses)
Generally located at the midline of the body
Two bones covered with hyaline cartilage
Two bones connected by fibrocartilage
Slight Motion
Ex. Pubic symphysis
30
Define Synovial Joints (Diarthroses):
Provide free movement between the bones they join. They have five distinguishing characteristics: joint cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid and fibrous capsule. These joints are the most complex and vulnerable to injury.
Classified by movement and shape of the articulating bones.
31
Uniaxial Joint:
Synovial Joint (Diarthroses)
One motion around a single axis in one plane of the body.:
- Hinge (ginglymus): elbow joint
- Pivot (trochoid)- atlantoaxial joint
32
Biaxial joint:
Synovial Joint (Diarthroses)
Movement occurs in two planes and around two axes through the convex/ concave surfaces:
- Condyloid: MCP joint of a finger
- Saddle: CMC joint of the thumb
33
Multi-axial Joint:
```
Synovial Joint (Diarthroses)
Movement occurs in three planes and around three axes:
-Plane (gliding): Carpal joints
-Ball and Socket- Hip Joint
```
34
Joint Receptors- Free Nerve Endings:
Location: Joint capsule, ligaments, synovium, fat pads
Sensitivity: One type is to non-noxious mechanical stress; other type is sensitive to noxious mechanical or biochemical stimuli
Primary Distribution: All joints
35
Joint Receptors- Golgi Ligament Endings:
Location: Ligaments, adjacent to ligaments' bony attachment
Sensitivity: Tension or stretch on ligaments
Primary Distribution: Majority of joints
36
Joint Receptors- Golgi Mazzoni Corpuscles:
Location: Joint Capsule
Sensitivity: Compression of Joint Capsule
Primary Distribution: Knee joint, joint capsule
37
Joint Receptors- Pacinian Corpuscles:
Location: Fibrous layer of joint capsule
Sensitivity: High frequency vibration, acceleration, and high velocity changes in joint position
Primary Distribution: All joints
38
Joint Receptors- Ruffini Endings
Location: Fibrous layer of joint capsule
Sensitivity: Stretching of joint capsule; amplitude and velocity of joint position
Primary Distribution: Greater density in proximal joints, particularly in capsular regions
39
Classification of TYPE I Muscle Fibers:
```
Aerobic
Red
Tonic
Slow Twitch
Slow Oxidative
```
40
Classification of TYPE II Muscle Fibers:
```
Anaerobic
White
Phasic
Fast Twitch
Fast-Glycolytic
```
41
Functional Characteristics of TYPE I Muscle Fibers:
```
Low fatigability
High Capillary Density
High Myoglobin Content
Smaller Fibers
Extensive Blood Supply
Large Amount of Mitochondria
Ex. Marathon, Swimming
```
42
Functional Characteristics of TYPE II Muscle Fibers:
```
High Fatigability
Low Capillary Density
Low Myoglobin Content
Larger Fibers
Less Blood Supply
Fewer Mitochondria
Ex: High Jump, Sprinting
```
43
Define Muscle Spindle:
Distributed throughout the belly of the muscle. They function to send information to the nervous system about the muscle length and/or rate of change of its length. The muscle spindle is important in the control of posture and with the help of the gamma system, involuntary movements.
44
Define Golgi Tendon Organ:
GTOs are encapsulated sensory receptors through which the muscle tendons pass immediately beyond their attachment to the muscle fibers.
They are very sensitive to tension, especially when produced from an active muscle contraction. T
hey function to transmit information about tension or the rate of change of tension within the muscle.
An average of 10-15 muscle fibers are usually connected in series with each GTO. The GTO is stimulated through the tension produced by muscle fibers. GTO provide the nervous system with instantaneous information on the degree of tension in each small muscle segment.
45
TMJ Muscles that Depress:
Lateral Pterygoid
Suprahyoid
Infrahyoid
46
TMJ Muscles that Elevate:
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial Pterygoid
47
TMJ Muscles that Protrude:
Masseter
Lateral Pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid
48
TMJ Muscles that Retrude:
Temporalis
Masseter
Digastric
49
TMJ Muscles that move side to side:
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid
Masseter
Temporalis
50
Cervical Muscles that Flex:
SCM
Longus Colli
Scalenus Muscles
51
Cervical Muscles that Extend:
```
Splenius Cervicis
Semispinalis Cervicis
Iliocostalis Cervicis
Longissimus Cervicis
Multifidus
Trapezius
```
52
Cervical Muscles that Rotate and Laterally bend:
```
SCM
Scalenus Muscles
Splenius Cervicis
Longissimus Cervicis
Iliocostalis Cervicis
Levator Scapulae
Multifidus
```
53
Thoracic and Lumbar Muscles that Flex:
Rectus Abdominis
Internal Oblique
External Oblique
54
Thoracic and Lumbar Muscles that Extend:
Erector Spinae
Quadratus Lumborum
Multifidus
55
Thoracic and Lumbar Muscles that Rotate and Laterally Bend:
```
Psoas Major
Quadratus Lumborum
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Multifidus
Longissimus Thoracis
Iliocostalis Thoracis
Rotatores
```
56
Scapular Muscles that Elevate:
Upper Trapezius
| Levator Scapulae
57
Scapular Muscles that Depress:
Latissimus Dorsi
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Lower Trapezius
58
Scapular Muscles that Protract:
Serratus Anterior
| Pectoralis Minor
59
Scapular Muscles that Retract:
Trapezius (Middle)
| Rhomboids
60
Scapular Muscles that Upwardly Rotate:
Trapezius (Upper & Lower)
| Serratus Anterior
61
Scapular Muscles that Downwardly Rotate:
Rhomboids
Levator Scapulae
Pectoralis Minor
62
Shoulder Muscles that Flex:
Anterior Deltoid
Coracobrachialis
Pectoralis Major (clavicular head)
Biceps Brachii
63
Shoulder Muscles that Abduct:
Middle Deltoid
| Supraspinatus
64
Shoulder Muscles that Extend:
Latissmus Dorsi
Posterior Deltoid
Teres Major
Triceps Brachii (long head)
65
Shoulder Muscles that Adduct:
Pectoralis Major
Latissimus Dorsi
Teres Major
66
Shoulder Muscles that Horizontally Abduct:
Deltoid (posterior)
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
67
Shoulder Muscles that Horizontally Adduct:
Deltoid (anterior)
| Pectoralis Major
68
Shoulder Muscles that Laterally Rotate:
Teres Minor
Infraspinatus
Posterior Deltoid
69
Shoulder Muscles that Medially Rotate:
```
Subscapularis
Teres Major
Pectoralis Major
Latissimus Dorsi
Anterior Deltoid
```
70
Elbow Muscles that Flex:
Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
71
Elbow Muscles that Extend:
Triceps Brachii
| Anconeus
72
Radioulnar Muscles that Supinate:
Biceps Brachii
| Supinator
73
Radioulnar Muscles that Pronate:
Pronator Teres
| Pronator Quadratus
74
Wrist Joint Muscles that Flex:
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Palmaris Longus
75
Wrist Joint Muscles that Extend:
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
76
Wrist Joint Muscles that Radially Deviate:
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Extensor Pollicis Longus and Brevis
77
Wrist Joint Muscles that Ulnarly Deviate
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
| Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
78
Finger Joint Muscles that Flex:
Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Superficialis
Flexor Digiti Minimi (fifth digit)
Interossei
Lumbricals
79
Finger Joint Muscles that Extend:
Extensor Digitorum Communis
Extensor Indiciis (second digit)
Extensor digiti minimi (fifth digit)
80
Finger Joint Muscles that Abduct:
Dorsal Interossei
| Abductor Digiti Minimi
81
Finger Joint Muscles that Adduct:
Palmar Interossei
82
Thumb Joint Muscles that Flex:
Flexor Pollicis longus and brevis
| Opponens Pollicis
83
Thumb Joint Muscles that Extend
Extensor Pollicis Longus and Brevis
| Abductor Pollicis Longus
84
Thumb Joint Muscles that Abduct:
Abductor Pollicis Longus and Brevis
85
Thumb Joint Muscles that Adduct:
Adductor Pollicis
86
Thumb Joint Muscles that Oppose
Opponens Pollicis
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Opponens Digiti Minimi
87
Hip Joint Muscles that Flex:
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Rectus Femoris
Pectineus
88
Hip Joint Muscles that Extend:
Gluteus Maximus/Medius
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps Femoris
89
Hip Joint Muscles that Abduct:
```
Gluteus medius
Gluteus Minimus
Piriformis
Obterator Internus
TFL
```
90
Hip Joint Muscles that Adduct:
Adductor Magnus
Adductor Longus
Adductor Brevis
Gracilis
91
Hip Joint Muscles that Medially Rotate:
```
TFL
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Pectineus
Adductor Longus
```
92
Hip Joint Muscles that Laterally Rotate:
```
Gluteus Maximus
Obturator Externus Obturator Internus
Piriformis
Gemelli
Sartorius
```
93
Knee Joint Muscles that Flex:
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Sartorius
94
Knee Joint Muscles that Extend
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Medialis
95
Ankle Joint Muscles that Plantarflex:
```
Tibialis Posterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis
Plantaris
Flexor Hallucis
```
96
Ankle Joint Muscles that Dorsiflex:
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Peroneus Tertius
97
Ankle Joint Muscles that Invert:
Tibialis Posterior
Tibialis Anterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
98
Ankle Joint Muscles that Evert:
Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis
Peroneus Tertius
99
Toe Joint Muscles that Flex:
```
Flexor Digitorum Longus and Brevis
Flexor Hallucis Longus and Brevis
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Quadratus Plantae
Lumbricals
```
100
Toe Joint Muscles that Extend:
Extensor Digitorum Longus and Brevis
Extensor Hallucis Longus and Brevis
Lumbricals
101
Toe Joint Muscles that Abduct:
Abdutor Hallucis
Abductor Digit Minimi
Dorsal Interossei
102
Toe Joint Muscles that Adduct
Adductor Hallucis
| Plantar Interossei
103
What 4 joints make up the Shoulder complex?
GH
Sternoclavicular
Acromioclavicular
Scapulothoracic Articulation
104
GH Joint:
Formed by the convex head of the humerus and the concave glenoid fossa of the scapula.
Ball and Socket Synovial Joint
3 Degrees of Freedom
Relatively small articular surface of the glenoid fossa in relation to the size of the humeral head, makes the GH joint inherently unstable
105
Osteokinematic motions of the GH Joint:
```
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial Rotation
Lateral Rotation
```
106
Loose Packed Position of GH Joint:
55 degrees abduction, 30 degrees Horizontal Adduction
107
Closed Packed Position of GH Joint
Abduction and Lateral Rotation
108
Capsular Pattern of the GH Joint:
Lateral Rotation, Abduction, Medial Rotation
109
Sternoclavicular Joint:
Formed by the medial end of the clavical and the manubrium of the sternum.
Saddle- Shaped Synovial Joint
3 Degrees of Freedom
A fibrocartilaginous disc between the manubrium and clavicle enhances the stability of the joint. The disc acts as a shock absorber and serves as the axis for clavicular rotation.
110
Osteokinematic Motions of the Sternoclavicular Joint:
elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, medial rotation, lateral rotation
111
Loose Packed Position of the Sternoclavicular Joint:
Arm Resting by the side
112
Close Packed Position of the Sternoclavicular Joint:
Maximum Shoulder Elevation
113
Capsular Pattern of the Sternoclavicular Joint:
Pain at extremes of ROM
114
Acromioclavicular Joint:
Formed by the acromion process of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle.
Plane Synovial Joint
3 degrees of freedom
Functions to maintain the relationship between the scapula and clavicle during GH ROM
115
Osteokinematic motions of the Acromioclavicular Joint:
```
Anterior Tilting
Posterior Tilting
Upward Rotation
Downward Rotation
Protraction
Retraction
```
116
Loose Packed Position of the Acromioclavicular Joint:
Arm Resting by the Side
117
Close Packed Position:
Arm abducted to 90 degrees
118
Capsular Pattern:
Pain at extremes of ROM
119
Scapulothoracic Articulation:
Formed by the body of the scapula and the muscles covering the posterior chest wall. Motion consists of sliding of the scapula on the thorax.
Articulation is not a "true anatomical joint" because it lacks the necessary synovial joint characteristics
120
Muscle Action Shoulder Flexion:
Anterior Deltoid
Coracobrachialis
Pectoralis Major (Clavicular head)
Biceps Brachii
121
Muscle Action Shoulder Extension:
Latissimus Dorsi
Posterior Deltoid
Teres Major
Triceps Brachii (Long Head)
122
Muscle Action Shoulder Abduction:
Middle Deltoid
| Supraspinatus
123
Muscle Action Shoulder Adduction:
Pectoralis Major
| Latissmus Dorsi Teres Major
124
Muscle Action Shoulder Lateral Rotation:
Teres Minor
Infraspinatus
Posterior Deltoid
125
Muscle Action Shoulder Medial Rotation
```
Subscapularis
Teres Major
Pectoralis Major
Latissimus Dorsi
Anterior Deltoid
```
126
Muscle Action Shoulder Horizontal Abduction
Deltoid (posterior)
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
127
Muscle Action Shoulder Horizontal Adduction
Deltoid (anterior)
| Pectoralis Major
128
Muscle Action Scapular Elevation
Upper Trapezius
| Levator Scapulae
129
Muscle Action Scapular Depression
Latissimus Dorsi
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Lower Trapezius
130
Muscle Action Scapular Protraction
Serratus Anterior
| Pectoralis Minor
131
Muscle Action Scapular Retraction:
Trapezius (middle)
| Rhomboids
132
Muscle Action Scapular Upward Rotation:
Trapezius (upper and lower)
| Serratus Anterior
133
Muscle Action Downward Rotation:
Rhomboids
Levator Scapulae
Pectoralis Minor
134
Primary Structures Acromioclavicular Ligaments:
AC ligaments surround the AC joint on all sides and help to control horizontal movement of the clavicle
135
Primary Structures Coracoacromial Ligament:
attaches between the coracoid process and acromion and forms a "roof" over the humeral head.
This ligament helps to limit superior translation of the humeral head and also helps prevent separation of the AC joint
136
Primary Structures Coracoclavicular Ligament:
Attaches between the coracoid process and the clavicle and consists of two different ligaments: conoid and trapezoid.
This ligament acts as teh primary support of the AC joint, limiting superior translation of the clavicle
137
Primary Structures Coracohumeral Ligament:
Attaches proximally to the coracoid process and splits distally to attach to the greater and lesser tuberosities.
This ligament is found between and helps to unite the supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons. It limits inferior translation of the humeral head.
138
Primary Structures Costoclavicular Ligament:
Attaches between the medial portion of the clavicle and the first rib. This ligament is the primary supporting ligament for the sternoclavicular joint
139
Primary Structures Glenohumeral Ligaments:
Consists of the superior, middle and inferior GH ligaments.
-Superior GH ligament limits adduction of the shoulder as well as lateral rotation with the shoulder in 0-45 degrees of abduction.
- Middle GH Ligament limits lateral rotation with he shoulder in 45-90 degrees of abduction.
- Inferior GH ligament has an anterior and posterior band that limits inferior translation when the shoulder is above 90 degrees of abduction.
- Between the two bands is an axillary pouch that limits inferior translation when the shoulder is above 90 degrees of abduction.
140
Primary Structures Glenoid Labrum:
Fibrocartilaginous structure that serves to deepen the glenoid fossa and increases the size of the articular surface.
Consists of dense fibrous connective tissue that is often damaged with recurrent shoulder instability
141
Primary Structures GH Joint Capsule:
Arises from the glenoid fossa and glenoid labrum to blend with the muscles of the rotator cuff.
Volume of the joint capsule is twice as large as the size of the humeral head.
The capsule is reinforced by the GH ligaments and the coracohumeral ligament.
142
Primary Structures Rotator Interval:
Space in the anterosuperior shoulder that consists of and is bordered by the coracohumeral ligament, superior GH ligament, joint capsule, and supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons.
143
Primary Structures Subacromial Bursa:
Extends over the supraspinatus tendon and distal muscle belly, beneath the acromion and deltoid muscle.
It facilitates movement of the deltoid muscle over the fibrous capsule of the shoulder joint and supraspinatus tendon. The bursa is often involved with impingement beneath the acromial arch.
144
Primary Structures Subscapular Bursa:
Overlies the anterior joint capsule and lies beneath the subscapularis muscle.
Anterior shoulder fullness may indicate articular effusion secondary to distension of the bursa
145
Primary Structures Transverse Humeral Ligament:
Attaches between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus, spanning over the bicipital groove.
This ligament helps to maintain the tendon of the long head of the biceps within the bicipital groove.
146
Ulnohumeral Joint:
Formed by the hourglass-shaped trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna
147
Osteokinematic motions of the ulnohumeral joint:
Flexion
| Extension
148
Loose packed position of the ulnohumeral joint:
70 degrees elbow flexion
| 10 degrees of supination
149
Close packed position of the ulnohumeral joint:
extension
150
Capsular pattern of the ulnohumeral joint:
flexion, extension
151
Proximal radioulnar joint:
consists of the concave radial notch of the ulna and convex rim of the radial head
152
Osteokinematic motions of the proximal radioulnar joint:
pronation, supination
153
Loosed packed position of the proximal radio ulnar joint:
70 degrees of elbow flexion 35 degrees of supination
154
Close packed position of the proximal radioulnar joint:
5 degrees of supination
155
Capsular pattern of the proximal radioulnar joint:
supination, pronation
156
Muscle Action of the proximal radioulnar joint- flexion:
biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis
157
Muscle Action of the proximal radioulnar joint-extension
triceps brachii
| anconeus
158
Muscle Action of the proximal radioulnar joint- forearm supination:
biceps brachii
| supinator
159
Muscle Action of the proximal radioulnar joint- forearm pronation:
pronator teres
| pronator quadratus
160
Primary Structures- Annular Ligament
consists of a band of fibers that surrounds the head of the radius.
it allows the head of the radius to rotate and retain contact with the radial notch of the ulna
161
Primary Structures-Anterior ligament
Capsular in nature and function
Stretches from the radial collateral ligament and attaches above the upper edge of the coronoid fossa, extending to just below the coronoid process
162
Primary Structures- Cubital Fossa
Triangular space located at the anterior elbow that is bordered by the brachioradialis, pronator teres, brachialis, and a horizontal line passing through the humeral epicondyles.
The cubital fossa contains several structures including the biceps brachii tendon, median nerve, radial nerve, brachial artery, and median cubital vein.
163
Primary Structures- Cubital Tunnel
Space formed by the ulnar collateral ligament the flexor carpi ulnaris, the medial head of the triceps and the medial epicondyle.
The ulnar nerve runs through the cubital tunnel becomes the smallest with the elbow held in full flexion.
164
Primary Structures- Olecranon Bursa
Lies posterior to the olecranon process and is considered the main bursa in the elbow.
This commonly becomes inflamed with direct trauma to the elbow due to its superficial position.
165
Primary Structures- Posterior Ligament
Resembles the anterior ligament. It blends on each side with the collateral ligaments and is attached to the upper portion of the olecranon fossa, and to just below the olecranon process
166
Primary Structures-Radial (lateral) collateral ligament
Exends from the lateral epicondyle of the huerus to the lateral border and olecranon process of the ulan and the annular ligament. It is a fan-shaped ligament that prevents adduction of the elbow joint, and provides reinforcement for the radiohumeral articulation.
167
Primary Structures- Ulnar (medial) Collateral Ligament
Runs from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the proximal portion of the ulna. The ligament prevents excessive abduction of the elbow.
