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F22 Psychology 3340H > Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalocaudal pattern

A

developmental sequence where earliest growth occurs at the head (top-to-bottom)

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2
Q

Proximodistal pattern

A

developmental sequence which starts from the middle

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3
Q

What types of development follow the cephalocaudal principle?

A

motor development
ex. infants see before they can control their torso

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4
Q

What types of development follow the proximodistal pattern?

A

ex. infants can move their hands before individual fingers

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5
Q

Is growth continuous or episodic?

A

episodic

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6
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

electroencephalogram

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7
Q

Shaken baby syndrome

A
  • caused by shaking babies
  • most often perpetrated by fathers, boyfriends of mothers, etc.
  • can lead to brain swelling and hemorrhaging
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8
Q

fNIRS

A
  • low level of near-infrared light
  • monitors changes in blood oxygen
  • portable
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9
Q

EEG

A
  • measures electrical activity in brain
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10
Q

At birth, the newborn’s brain is about ___% of its adult weight.

A

25

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11
Q

By the 2nd birthday, the brain is about ___% of its adult weight.

A

75

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12
Q

Forebrain

A
  • cerebral cortex, etc.
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13
Q

Frontal lobes

A
  • voluntary movement
  • thinking
  • personality
  • intentionality/purpose
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14
Q

Occipital lobes

A

vision

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15
Q

Temporal lobes

A

hearing

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16
Q

Parietal lobes

A

spatial location, attention, motor control

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17
Q

Lateralization

A

the specialization of function in one hemisphere

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18
Q

Myelination

A

the process of encasing axons in fat cells (myelin sheath)

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19
Q

How does a child’s environment impact their brain activity?

A

depraved environment > depressed brain activity

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20
Q

Neuroconstructivist view

A

biological AND environmental conditions influence brain development

brain has plasticity

brain and cognitive development are closely related

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21
Q

Why do we sleep?

A
  • restoration
  • protection
  • critical for plasticity
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22
Q

Infant sleep problems

A
  • related to prenatal and postnatal maternal depression
  • affect 15-25% of infants
  • linked to other parental factors
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23
Q

REM sleep

A
  • eye movement
  • infants are more often in REM than non-REM
24
Q

Why do infants spend so much time in REM?

A
  • stimulation
  • promotes brain development
25
SIDS
infant suddenly without apparent cause stops breathing
26
How much do nutritionists recommend babies eat?
50 cal/lb
27
Breast vs. Bottle
- breast-fed infants have fewer/are less likely to experience: - gastrointestinal infections - lower respiratory tract infenctions -ear, throat, sinus infections - obesity - diabetes - fever - breast-fed infants have better - immune systems - cardiovascular health
28
What impacts can malnutrition have on infants?
negative impacts on: physical, cognitive, and social development
29
What changes in height and weight take place in infancy?
first several days: lose 5-7% body weight first year: rapid growth, triple the birthweight second year: growth slows
30
Dynamic system theory
motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting
31
Reflexes
built-in reactions to stimuli
32
Rooting reflex
Sucking reflex, a touch on the cheek leads the infant to look for something to suck on
33
Sucking reflex
infant sucks objects in its mouth
34
Moro reflex
arches back, throws head back, flings out limbs and pulls back in
35
Grasping reflex
infant grabs whatever touches its palms
36
Gross motor skills
involve large-muscle activities, like walking
37
Might the development of walking be linked with other advance?
walking relates to initiating new interactions and even language development
38
What factors are linked to the rate at which motor development occurs in infants?
negative: - mothers’ smoking - birthweight/being premature positive - breast feeding - exercising baby - interactions with baby that promote movement
39
Can parents encourage motor development?
yes: - exercises for the baby - stretching the baby *BUT only minimally
40
Fine motor skills
involve finely tuned movements ex. finger dexterity
41
Palmar grasp
with whole hand
42
Perceptual-motor coupling
ex. using vision to guide how to grip
43
What is the relationship between sensation and perception?
Sensations are the product of interaction between sensory receptors and information, and perception is our interpretation of said interaction.
44
Ecological view
perception connects us with our environment
45
Affordances
opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform functions
46
Visual preference method
used to determine whether infants can distinguish stimuli based on the time they attend to stimuli
47
Habituation
decreased responsiveness over time to a familiar stimulus
48
Dishabituation
recovery of habituated response
49
By what age can infants begin distinguishing different colors from one another?
4-8 weeks
50
By what age can babies show size and shape constancy?
3 months
51
T or F In the first two months of postnatal development, babies cannot perceive occluded objects.
true
52
T or F Infants cannot perceive depth.
false
53
T or F Fetuses can hear before birth
true - starting in the last 2 months of pregnancy
54
T or F Infants are not as sensitive to sounds as adults.
true - infants are less sensitive to soft noises, pitch and localization
55
T or F Babies cannot feel pain.
false
56
T or F Babies learn taste prenatally through the amniotic fluid.
true
57
Intermodal perception
integrating info from two or more sensory modalities ex. hearing and tasting

F22 Psychology 3340H (18 decks)

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