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Biology > Chapter 4 - Reproduction and Development > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Reproduction and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What reproductive hormone is released from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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2
Q

What gonadotropin hormones are released from the anterior pituitary to the gonads?

A
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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3
Q

What are the male and female gonads?

A

testes and ovaries

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4
Q

What are the two responses of the gonads to gonadotropins?

A
  • production of steroid hormones
  • production of germ cells
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5
Q

What are the germ cells in males and females?

A

spermatazoa and ova

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6
Q

Define spermatogenesis

A

production of sperm

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7
Q

What are the spermatogenic cells called that are closest to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule and how many chromosomes do they have?

A

spermatogonia - 46 chromosomes

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8
Q

What is the product of the mitotic division of the first spermatogenic cells and how many chromosomes do they have?

A

two primary spermatocytes - 46 chromosomes each

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9
Q

What is the product of the first meiotic division of spermatogenic cells and how many chromosomes do they have?

A

2 secondary spermatocytes - 23 chromosomes each

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10
Q

What is the product of the second meiotic division of spermatogenic cells and how many chromosomes do they have?

A

two spermatids - 23 chromosomes each

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11
Q

Each primary spermatocytes produces how many spermatids?

A

4

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12
Q

What is spermatogenic transmortion?

A

spermatids bud out to form spermatozoa

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13
Q

What structure of the spermatozoa helps them digest the lining of the egg?

A

acrosome

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14
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells?

A

They convert cholesterol to testosterone

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15
Q

What does testosterone do in Sertoli cells?

A

It binds a receptor, converting into dihydrotestosterone, which diffuses into the nucleus and instructs DNA to synthesize RNA.

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16
Q

What does LH do in the testes?

A

It binds to Leydig cell receptors resulting in a second messenger that increasing the conversion of cholesterol to testosterone.

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17
Q

What does FSH do in the testes?

A

It binds to Sertoli cell receptors, resulting in a secondary response that converts testosterone to hydrotestosterone.

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18
Q

What feedback mechanism results if testosterone is too high?

A

It inhibits the hypothalamus’ release of GnRH and anterior pituitary’s release of LH.

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19
Q

What feedback mechanism results when dihydrotestosterone is too high?

A

It inhibits the anterior pituitary’s release of FSH.

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20
Q

What hormone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics in the male?

A

testosterone

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21
Q

Where is sperm stored?

A

in the epididymis and vas deferens

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22
Q

Define oogenesis

A

production of ova

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23
Q

In oogenesis, what occurs during the 2-3 months of female fetal development?

A

Oogonia undergo mitotic division to produce primary oocytes.

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24
Q

Define atresia

A

the degeneration of immature primary oocytes

25
Q

What happens to primary oocytes during monthly cycles?

A

There is s surge in LH, causing the first meiotic division that produces a secondary oocyte (23 chromosomes) and first polar body.

26
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte after fertilization?

A

It undergoes the second meiotic division to form an ovum (23 chromosomes +23) and a second polar body.

27
Q

What happens in the follicular phase?

A

The primary oocyte develops into the secondary oocyte and an LH surge causes ovulation.

28
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A

The leftover follicle becomes the corpus luteum, an endocrine gland, producing estrogen and progesterone. It will degenerate if fertilization does not occur and menstruation will result.

29
Q

What causes the LH surge before ovulation?

A

an increase in estrogen

30
Q

What hormone surges after ovulation?

A

progesterone

31
Q

What happens in the theca cells?

A

LH promotes cholesterol conversion to testosterone.

32
Q

What happens in follicle cells during the follicular phase?

A

Testosterone diffuses in, converting to estrogen, which helps develop the primary oocyte and grow the follicle cell.

33
Q

What feedback mechanism results from low estrogen?

A

It inhibits FSH.

34
Q

What feedback mechanism results from high estrogen?

A

It has positive feedback on LH production.

35
Q

What feedback mechanism results from the combination of progesterone and estrogen?

A

They inhibit FSH, LH, and GnRH.

36
Q

What form is the zygote when it attaches to the uterine lining?

A

blastocyst

37
Q

What hormone is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics in the female?

A

estrogen

38
Q

In the first 3 months of pregnancy, what hormones does the placenta synthesize and what are their roles?

A
  • chorionic gonadotropin (CG) stimulates corpus luteum to make estrogen and progesterone
  • chorionic somatomammotropin (CS) help mammory glands grow
39
Q

In the last 6 months of pregnancy, what makes estrogen and progesterone?

A

the placenta

40
Q

In the last 6 months of pregnancy, what hormone is no longer made?

A

chorionic gonadotropin (CG)

41
Q

What are the individual cells called in blastula formation?

A

blastomeres

42
Q

In a mature vertebrate, what are the parts of the coelom?

A

thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

43
Q

What is the blastocoel?

A

the fluid-filled cavity inside the blastula

44
Q

What three layers form during gastrulation?

A

endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

45
Q

What is the ectoderm’s final differentiation?

A

skin, nervous tissue

46
Q

What is the mesoderm’s final differentiation?

A

connective tissues, bones, muscle, blood

47
Q

What is the endoderm’s final differentiation?

A

inner lining of digestive/respiratory tracts, major glands like liver and pancreas

48
Q

What is formed during neurulation?

A

The ectoderm forms a neural tube which will become the nervous system.

49
Q

What do neural crest cells form?

A

sense organs in the head, sensory cells, adrenal medulla

50
Q

What is direct vs. indirect development?

A

Direct development involves care being given to the post-embryonic organism, while indirect development is when the organism is left on its own.

51
Q

What is meant by a prepattern of development?

A

If an egg is separated at the right place (includes grey crescent), it will still form a complete embryo (2)

52
Q

What is meant by developmental induction?

A

Certain tissues can direct the differentiation of neighboring cells to take on a fate they were not normally designed to fulfill.

53
Q

What specifically forms the barrier between maternal and fetal blood, but allows diffusion?

A

chorion

54
Q

In mammals, the formation of what structure marks the beginning of gastrulation?

A

primitive streak

55
Q

What is meant by uterine quiescence?

A

whether or not it is receptive to embryo implantation

56
Q

When does the uterus being to contract?

A

When there is a certain ratio of progesterone:estrogen

57
Q

What is the role of oxytocin in parturition?

A

It induces contractions of uterine smooth muscle and produces prostaglandins which further induce contractions.

58
Q

How is production of milk stimulated?

A

Suckling causes the hypothalamus to release prolactin releasing hormone (PRH), which causes the anterior pituitary to release prolactin, which causes the mammary glands to produce milk.

59
Q

How is milk ejection stimulated?

A

Suckling causes oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary, which causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells of the breast.

Biology (9 decks)

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