Chapter 4 sections 1-6

Question 1

Stimulation of B cells

Answer 1

1. Resting B cell with membrane bound Ig
2. Ig on resting B cell encounters pathogen and binds
3. This stimulates the B cell to become an antibody secreting plasma cell

Question 2

Antibodies

Answer 2

are glycoproteins associated with constant resions of heavy chains

Question 3

An antibody consists of

Answer 3

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains joind together by disulfide bonds

Question 4

What kind of bond joins heavy and light chains

Answer 4

disulfide bonds

Question 5

the antigen binding region is contained withing

Answer 5

the variable region

Question 6

C terminal end

Answer 6

is made of a carboxy (constant region end)

Question 7

the N terminal end is made of

Answer 7

amino end (antigen binding end)

Question 8

The five types of antigens vary in their constant region these variations are

Answer 8

numbers of sugars attached to constant region

Question 9

antibody that has fewest carbohydrates associated with constant region

Answer 9

IgG

Question 10

antigen with 4 constant heavy domains instead of 3 (thus making them stronger)

Answer 10

IgM and IgE

Question 11

FAB

Answer 11

two fragments that bind antigen following proteolytic cleavage of IgG

Question 12

Fc

Answer 12

fragment that is crystallizable following proteolytic cleavage of IgG

Question 13

light chains cant be

Answer 13

kappa or lambda isotypes (come from diff gene but functions the same)

Question 14

heavy chains can be either

Answer 14

gamma, mu, delta, alpha, or epsilon isotypes

Question 15

which chain determines the class of the antigen

Answer 15

heavy chain

Question 16

Papain

Answer 16

enzyme that Preolyticly cleaves IgG into 3 fragments 2 FAB and one Fc fragment

Question 17

Job of hinge on antigen

Answer 17

the hing is flexable and thus it gives the antigen its T or Y shape the hinge is made up of disulfide bonds that join the 2 heavy chains

Question 18

Monomers

Answer 18

all classes of antibodies in their membrane bound form

also secreted forms of IgG, IgE, IgD

Question 19

secreted forms of IgG IgE and IgD are called

Answer 19

monomers

Question 20

Secreted form of IgM is a

Answer 20

pentamer

Question 21

Secreted form of IgA

Answer 21

can be either a monomer or a dimer

Question 22

Globular molecules

Answer 22

monomeric antibodies

they form 3 globular regions thus they are called globular molecules

Question 23

Fab region

Answer 23

is made up of a constant region and a variable region. it consists of 2 beta-pleated sheets that are sandwichlike hidrophobic bonds in middle that hold sheets aka bread together
There is lots of back and forth folding

Question 24

Variable region make up

Answer 24

3 hypervaiable (HV) regions which are flaked by framework regions(FR)

Question 25

Frame work regions

Answer 25

flank hypervairable region but are less variable | this is the Beta pleated sheets

Question 26

hyper variable regions occur at

Answer 26

the tip of the antibody molecule furthest from the C region. | this is the region that interacts with the epitope on the antigen

Question 27

Epitopes

Answer 27

on surface of pathogen it is the precise point where antigen binds/reacts with antibody. these occur on very tip of antigen

Question 28

Multivalent antigen with differnt epitopes

Answer 28

a single antigen that has several different types epitopes thus different antibodies are produced to bind to the different epitopes (many antibody types produced for same antigen)

Question 29

Multivalent antigen with a repeated epitope

Answer 29

the same antigen is presented in many places on surface of cell. requires only one type of antibody

Question 30

Types of Antibody survaces

Answer 30

pockets grooves ectended/curved spiked/knobs

Question 31

2 types of epitope

Answer 31

linear | discontinous

Question 32

how to clinically produce antigen for human use

Answer 32

``` immunize mouse with antigen harvest spleen to separate B cells fuse with myeloma cells only use hybrid growth Test for desired Antibody and specificity clone Bcell produces monoclonal antibody ```

Question 33

flow cytometry

Answer 33

fast way to do a cell count antibodies have florescent marker so when binds to pathogen laser detects florescence and thus counts # of antibodies in cell

Question 34

Monoclonal antibody to treat Rx (autoimmune diseases)

Answer 34

make antibody in mouse then combinde variable region of mouse antigen with human constant region (chimeric) then only keep nessary part of mouse antibody to keep specificy (humanized)

Question 35

chimeric antibody

Answer 35

combinde variable region of mouse antigen with human constant to treat autoimmune disease

Question 36

humanized antibody

Answer 36

hen only keep nessary part of mouse antibody to keep specificy to treat autoimmune disease