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Immunology > Chapter 4 sections 1-6 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 sections 1-6 Flashcards

antibody structure

1
Q

Stimulation of B cells

A
  1. Resting B cell with membrane bound Ig
  2. Ig on resting B cell encounters pathogen and binds
  3. This stimulates the B cell to become an antibody secreting plasma cell
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2
Q

Antibodies

A

are glycoproteins associated with constant resions of heavy chains

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3
Q

An antibody consists of

A

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains joind together by disulfide bonds

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4
Q

What kind of bond joins heavy and light chains

A

disulfide bonds

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5
Q

the antigen binding region is contained withing

A

the variable region

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6
Q

C terminal end

A

is made of a carboxy (constant region end)

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7
Q

the N terminal end is made of

A

amino end (antigen binding end)

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8
Q

The five types of antigens vary in their constant region these variations are

A

numbers of sugars attached to constant region

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9
Q

antibody that has fewest carbohydrates associated with constant region

A

IgG

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10
Q

antigen with 4 constant heavy domains instead of 3 (thus making them stronger)

A

IgM and IgE

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11
Q

FAB

A

two fragments that bind antigen following proteolytic cleavage of IgG

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12
Q

Fc

A

fragment that is crystallizable following proteolytic cleavage of IgG

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13
Q

light chains cant be

A

kappa or lambda isotypes (come from diff gene but functions the same)

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14
Q

heavy chains can be either

A

gamma, mu, delta, alpha, or epsilon isotypes

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15
Q

which chain determines the class of the antigen

A

heavy chain

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16
Q

Papain

A

enzyme that Preolyticly cleaves IgG into 3 fragments 2 FAB and one Fc fragment

17
Q

Job of hinge on antigen

A

the hing is flexable and thus it gives the antigen its T or Y shape the hinge is made up of disulfide bonds that join the 2 heavy chains

18
Q

Monomers

A

all classes of antibodies in their membrane bound form

also secreted forms of IgG, IgE, IgD

19
Q

secreted forms of IgG IgE and IgD are called

A

monomers

20
Q

Secreted form of IgM is a

A

pentamer

21
Q

Secreted form of IgA

A

can be either a monomer or a dimer

22
Q

Globular molecules

A

monomeric antibodies

they form 3 globular regions thus they are called globular molecules

23
Q

Fab region

A

is made up of a constant region and a variable region. it consists of 2 beta-pleated sheets that are sandwichlike hidrophobic bonds in middle that hold sheets aka bread together
There is lots of back and forth folding

24
Q

Variable region make up

A

3 hypervaiable (HV) regions which are flaked by framework regions(FR)

25
Q

Frame work regions

A

flank hypervairable region but are less variable

this is the Beta pleated sheets

26
Q

hyper variable regions occur at

A

the tip of the antibody molecule furthest from the C region.

this is the region that interacts with the epitope on the antigen

27
Q

Epitopes

A

on surface of pathogen it is the precise point where antigen binds/reacts with antibody.
these occur on very tip of antigen

28
Q

Multivalent antigen with differnt epitopes

A

a single antigen that has several different types epitopes thus different antibodies are produced to bind to the different epitopes (many antibody types produced for same antigen)

29
Q

Multivalent antigen with a repeated epitope

A

the same antigen is presented in many places on surface of cell. requires only one type of antibody

30
Q

Types of Antibody survaces

A

pockets
grooves
ectended/curved
spiked/knobs

31
Q

2 types of epitope

A

linear

discontinous

32
Q

how to clinically produce antigen for human use

A 
immunize mouse with antigen
harvest spleen to separate B cells
fuse with myeloma cells
only use hybrid growth
Test for desired Antibody and specificity
clone Bcell
produces monoclonal antibody
33
Q

flow cytometry

A

fast way to do a cell count
antibodies have florescent marker so when binds to pathogen laser detects florescence and thus counts # of antibodies in cell

34
Q

Monoclonal antibody to treat Rx (autoimmune diseases)

A

make antibody in mouse then combinde variable region of mouse antigen with human constant region (chimeric) then only keep nessary part of mouse antibody to keep specificy (humanized)

35
Q

chimeric antibody

A

combinde variable region of mouse antigen with human constant to treat autoimmune disease

36
Q

humanized antibody

A

hen only keep nessary part of mouse antibody to keep specificy to treat autoimmune disease

Immunology (4 decks)

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