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Psy 101 > Chapter 4 - Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The stimulation of sense organs.

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2
Q

Perception

A

The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.

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3
Q

Light

A

A form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave as at the speed of light.

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4
Q

Amplitude

A

Height

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5
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance

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6
Q

Amplitude affects the perception of ___, while wavelength affects the perception of ____.

A

Brightness, color.

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7
Q

Purity

A

How varied the mix of light is.

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8
Q

Purity influences the variation of the ____, or richness of color.

A

Saturation

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9
Q

What two main purposes do the eyes serve?

A
  1. They channel light to the retina.

2. They house the retina.

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10
Q

Cornea

A

A transparent “window” through which light enters the eye.

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11
Q

The ____ and the crystalline ____ form an upside down image of objects on the retina and adjust the focus of the image.

A

Cornea, lens

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12
Q

Lens

A

A transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina.

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13
Q

Accommodation

A

The curvature of the lens adjusts to alter visual focus.

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14
Q

A number of common visual problems are caused by focusing problems or defects in the ____.

A

Lens

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15
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Close objects are seen clearly but distant objects appear blurry because the focus of the light from distant objects falls a little short of the retina.

Occurs when the cornea or lens bends light too much or the eyeball is too long.

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16
Q

Farsightedness

A

Distant objects are seen clearly but close objects appear blurry because the focus of the light from close objects falls behind the retina.

Typically occurs when the eyeball is too short.

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17
Q

Cataract

A

A lens that is clouded. Occurs mainly in older persons, affecting 3 out of 4 people over the age of 65.

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18
Q

Iris

A

The colored ring of muscle surrounding the pupil, or black center of the eye.

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19
Q

Pupil

A

The opening in the center of the iris that help regulates the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye.

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20
Q

Retina

A

The neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye;it absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain.

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21
Q

The ____ is the brain’s envoy into the eye.

A

Retina

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22
Q

Optic disk

A

A hole in the retina.

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23
Q

Since the optic disk is a hole in the retina, you cannot see the part of the image that falls on it. It is therefor known as the ____ blind spot.

A

Blind spot

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24
Q

_____ outnumber _______ blank. Humans have 100-125 million _______ but only 5-6.4 million _______.

A

Rods, cones, rods, cones.

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25
Cones
Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision. Cones provide better visual acuity, sharpness and precise detail. Concentrated most heavily in the center of the retina and fall off in density toward its sides.
26
Fovea
A tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones; visual acuity is greatest at this spot.
27
Rods
Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision. The density of the rods is greatest just outside of the fovea and gradually decreases toward the periphery of the retina.
28
Dark adaptation
The process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination.
29
Light adaptation
The process in which the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination.
30
Optic nerve
A collection of axons that connect the eye with the brain.
31
Receptive field of a visual cell
The retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell.
32
Optic chiasm
The point at which the axons from the inside half of each eye cross over and the project to the opposite half of the brain.
33
Feature detectors
Neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli.
34
Ventral stream
Processes the details of what objects are out there. ( the perception of form and color.)
35
Dorsal stream
Processes where the objects are. ( the perception of motion and depth.)
36
Subtractive color mixing
Works by removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there. Ex. Paints yield subtractive mixing because pigments absorb most wavelengths, selectively reflecting back specific wavelengths that give rise to particular colors.
37
Additive color mixing.
Superimposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself. Ex. If you shine red, green and blue spotlights on a white surface, you'll have an additive mixture.
38
Trichromatic theory
The human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths.
39
Color blindness
A variety of deficiencies in the ability to distinguish among colors.
40
Dichromat
Someone who makes use of only two types of color receptors. Most people who are color blind are dichromats.
41
Complementary colors
Pairs of colors that produce gray tones when mixed together.
42
Afterimage
A visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed.
43
Opponent process theory
Color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of color. Red vs. green. Yellow vs. blue. Black vs. white.
44
Reversible figure
A drawing that is compatible with two different interpretations that can shift back and forth.
45
Perceptual set
A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way.
46
Inattentional blindness
The failure to see fully visible objects or events in a visual display because one's attention is focused elsewhere.
47
Feature analysis
The process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form.
48
Bottom-up processing
A progression from individual elements to the whole.
49
Top-down processing
A progression from the whole to the elements. Ex. People can perceive a word before its individual letters.
50
Phi phenomenon
Max Wertheimer. The illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession.
51
Proximity
Elements that are close to one another tend to be grouped together.
52
Closure
Viewers tend to supply missing elements to close or complete a familiar figure.
53
Similarity
Elements that are similar tend to be grouped together.
54
Simplicity
Viewers tend to organize elements in the slightest way possible.
55
Continuity
Viewers tend to see elements in ways that produce smooth continuation.
56
Perceptual hypothesis
An inference about what form could be responsible for a pattern of sensory stimulation.
57
Depth perception
Interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far away objects are.
58
Binocular depth cues
Clues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes. Ex. 3D movies.
59
Retinal disparity
Objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas, so the right and left eyes see slightly different views of the object. The principal binocular depth cue.
60
Monocular depth cues
Clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone.
61
Pictorial depth cues
Cues about distance that can be given in a flat picture.
62
Linear perspective
Parallel lines that run away from the viewer seem to get closer together.
63
Texture gradient
As distance increases, a texture gradually becomes denser and less distinct.
64
Interposition
The shapes of near objects overlap or mask those of more distant ones.
65
Relative size
If separate objects are expected to be on the same size, the larger ones are seen as closer.
66
Height in plane
Near objects are low in the visual field; more distant ones are higher up.
67
Light and shadow
Patterns of light and dark suggest shadows that can create an impression of three-dimensional forms.
68
Perceptual constancy
A tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input.
69
Visual illusion
An apparently inexplicable discrepancy between the appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality. Ex. Muller-lyer illusion. Two lines with arrows pointing inward and outward. The two lines are the same length.
70
The three parts of the ear are the external, the middle, and the inner. The external ear depends on the _____. The middle ear depends on the _____. The inner ear depends on the _____.
Vibration of air molecules. Vibration of movable bones. Waves in a fluid.
71
Cochlea
A fluid-filled, coiled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing.
72
Basilar membrane
Runs the length of the spiraled cochlea and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.
73
Visual agnosia
An inability to recognize objects through sight.
74
Place theory
Perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portions, or places, along the basilar membrane.
75
Gustatory system
The sensory system for taste.
76
Sensory adaptation
A gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation.
77
Olfactory system
The sensory system for smell.

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