Chapter 4- Sexual anatomy Flashcards
(41 cards)
1
Q
clit and the penis
A
- develop from the same embryonic tissue
- makes them homologous: similar in structure
- they are not analogous: similar in function
2
Q
the mons pubis
A
- fatty pad of tissue covering the junction where the right and left pubic bone meets at the midline
3
Q
functions of pubic hair of the mons pubis
A
- pheromonal signaling
- protecting against friction of intercourse
- signals sexual maturity
4
Q
labia majora
A
- the outer lips
- have many nerve endings and are important for sexual arousal
- provide protection for the sensitive clit and inner lips
5
Q
labia minora
A
- the inner lips, hairless
- important in sexual arousal
- surround the urethral and vaginal openings
- outer surfaces of the labia minora merge with the major lips
- join at the prepuce (hood) of the clitoris
- differ from woman to woman
6
Q
the clitoris
A
- way more nerve endings than the vagina
- most common way for women to achieve arousal and orgasm during masturbation and sex
- Greek for “hill” or “slope”
- received its name from the manner in which it slopes upward in the shaft and forms a mound of spongy tissue at the glans
7
Q
the vulvar vestibule
A
- sensitive entranceway to the vaginal and urethral openings
- vestibulodynia: condition where the vaginal entrance is so sensitive that any kind of penetration is painful and unpleasant
- vaginal opening is below it
8
Q
the hymen
A
- thin membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening
- generally present at birth, can be born without
- may be broken at first intercourse or during sporting or other non-sexual activities
9
Q
A
10
Q
the vagina
A
- a canal that starts at the vagina opening and extends up and tilts slightly backward toward the base of the spine
- at rest: 7.5-12.5 cm
- aroused, swells by 5-7.5cm
11
Q
how many layers of the vaginal wall
A
The vaginal walls have three layers
- The inner lining, or vaginal mucosa
- can be seen by opening the labia minora
- mucous membrane similar to the skin that lines the inside of the mouth
- feels fleshy, soft, and corrugated
- may vary from very dry (especially if the woman is anxious about something, such as exams) to very wet
- The middle layer of the vaginal wall is muscular.
-
The outer or deeper layer
* a fibrous covering that connects the vagina to other pelvic structures.
12
Q
the bartholin glands
A
- small pair of glands that lie to the right and left of the vagina
- function is unknown, may contribute to vaginal lubrication just before orgasm
- vestibular bulbs of the clitoris have erectile tissue similar to the spongy bodies of the penis
13
Q
the skene’s glands
A
- on the front wal of the vagina
- their ducts empty into the urethra
- the female prostate and part of the G-spot
14
Q
the G-spot
A
- the Grafenberg spot
- a large area located on the front vaginal wall
- extremely pleasurable area for some women, for others it is not very arousing
- some females ejaculate a fluid very similar to male prostate fluid from their urethras
15
Q
the ovaries
A
- two ovaries at the end of the fallopian tubes on each side of the uterus
- endocrine glands that produce both estrogrens and progestins
- usually a woman ovulates an ova (egg) alternately from one ovary then the other
16
Q
cervix
A
- located at the top of the vagina
- secretes mucous through its glands
- Os is the opening at the centre of the cervix
17
Q
Uterus
A
3 layers
- Endometrium
- innermost layer
- shed during menstruation
- Myometrium
- muscular
- middle layer
- Perimetrium
* smooth outer layer
18
Q
cancer of the cervix
A
- 3rd most common form of cancer
- cause: human papilloma virus
- if detected early, is curable
- Pap test: highly accurate test
- hysterectomy sometimes used as treatment
19
Q
HPV
A
Girls and Women
- HPV2 vaccine is indicated in females 9 to 45 years of age for the prevention of cervical cancer
- HPV4 and HPV9 vaccines are for the prevention of the following diseases:
In females 9 to 45 years of age
- Cervical, vulvar, vaginal cancers and pre-cancerous lesions
In females 9 to 26 years of age
- Anal cancer and pre-cancerous lesions
Boys and Men
- HPV4 and HPV9 vaccines are indicated in all males 9 to 26 years of age for the prevention of anal cancers, pre-cancerous lesions and AGWs
- HPV2 vaccine is not indicated in males at this time.
20
Q
HPV vaccines are not indicated in
A
HPV vaccines are not indicated in:
females or males < 9 years of age
- as no immunogenicity or efficacy data are available in these groups
21
Q
The fallopian tubes
A
- the two oviducts or uterine tubes that carry the ova from the ovaries to the uterus
- 10 cm long, on either side of the uterus
- fertilization occurs in the infundibulum or part of the tube closest to the ovary
22
Q
Male external organs
A
consist of:
- the penis
- scrotum with testes inside
23
Q
the penis
A
Functions:
- sexual pleasure
- urination
- reproduction
Sections of the penis
- the root: base of penis, extends into the pelvis, attached to the pelvic bones by leg-like structures called crura
- the shaft: body of the penis, free swinging
- the glans
The most sensitive area
- the glans at the head of the penis
contains no bones or muscles, made up of 3 cylindrical spongy bodies
24
Q
the copora cavernosa
A
- two cylinders covered with a fibrous sleeve that pulls tight when filled with blood and stiffens the penis
- The two larger cylinders
- lie side by side
- function like the cavernous bodies in the clitoris, filling with blood and stiffening during sexual arousal
25
corpus spongiosum
* cylinder that remains soft and spongy during an erection
* the spongy body
* runs along the lower (ventral) surface of the penis
26
the scrotum
made up of two layers
1. outer layer: a little hair
2. inner layer: involuntary muscle called dartos
* since the testes were formed in the abdomen, they respond to injury or compression like other innervated abdominal tissue
* thus an injury in the scrotum is felt deep in the abdominal cavity.
27
dartos
* inner layer of involuntary muscle of the scrotum
* makes the testes contract with cold
28
the testes
* male reproductive organs that secrete male sex hormones (androgens) and produce sperm
* spermatic cord suspends each testis in the scrotum and contains the vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves
* surrounded by layer of muscle called the **cremaster muscle** that lifts the testicles as they contract
29
the seminiferous tubules
* live inside the testes
* along with the interstitial cells, produce and store sperm
30
the epididymis
* covers part of each testicle
* matures and stores sperm
31
vas deferens
* carries sperm to the prostate gland where they enter the urethra
32
the seminal vesicles
* contribute up to 70% of the ejacuate fluid
33
the prostate gland
* secretes a thick, milky, alkaline fluid
* resulting in a chemically safe environment to maintain sperm
34
cowper's glands
* secrete a pre-ejaculate fluid (pre-cum) that prepares the urethra for the ejaculate
35
semen
* made up of fluid from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland
* each ejaculate contains about 1 teaspoon of semen
* 200-500 million sperm
* each sperm has 23 chromosomes
36
Circumcision
* surgical cutting away or removal of the foreskin
* originally done for cultural and religous reasons
* world: 30% of men
* canadian medicare does not cover
37
Phimosis
* condition in which the foreskin of the penis cannot be pulled back past the glans
38
Pros of male circumcision
* decrease in infant UTIs
* decrease in some STI's (HIV and genital warts)
* decrease in adult penile cancer
* prevents or corrects phimosis
39
Cons of male circumcision
* procedure entails risks such as infection, hemorrhage, shock, and penile mutilation
* heightened pain response to vaccinations
* current studies at McGill report no differences in penile sensitivity or arousal response in circumcised or uncircumcised males
40
testicular cancer
* a disease of young men
* first sign: painless lump in the testes, or slight enlargement or change in consistency of the testes, pain in the lower abdomen or groin
* diagnosis: physician exam or testicular self-exam and ultrasound
* cause: unknown
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