Chapter 4 (text)

Question 1

Genotype

Answer 1

The specific genetic makeup of an individual, which may or may not be expressed in the observable phenotype

Question 2

Phenotype

Answer 2

The observable characteristics produced by one’s genetic endowment

Question 3

Chromosome

Answer 3

Tightly coiled strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein that contain the genes

Question 4

Genes

Answer 4

The biological units of heredity, located on the chromosomes

Question 5

Every cell in the body has ___ chromosomes, except _________ which only has ____

Answer 5

46, sex cells, 23

Question 6

Alleles

Answer 6

The two genes, one on each chromosome, that control the same trait

Question 7

The field I behavioural genetics focuses on how genetic and hereditary factors come one to influence __________ characteristics

Answer 7

Psychological

Question 8

Heritability coefficient

Answer 8

Estimates the extent to which variation in a specific phenotypic characteristic within a group of people can be attributed to their differing genes

Higher when there is a greater relationship

Question 9

Concordance rate

Answer 9

To describe trait similarity in identical and fraternal twins

Question 10

Adoption study research

Answer 10

People who were adopted early life are compared with their biological and adoptive parents on the same characteristic

Question 11

Criminal behaviour is linked to

Answer 11

Biological parents

Question 12

The field of behavioural studies genetic similarities though which research methods

Answer 12

Adoption, family and twin studies

Question 13

Epigenetics

Answer 13

Was first used to describe lasting changes that were not due to genetic changes, but rather to changes around the genes

Question 14

Purpose of the Human Genome Project

Answer 14

To map the DNA of the human organism

Question 15

Ethical dilemmas

Answer 15

Results are not a hundred percent accurate so false positives/negatives sometimes show up

Question 16

Knockout procedure

Answer 16

Is used in experimental genetic manipulation to eliminate a particular function of a gene and then make observations

Question 17

Behavioural genetics

Answer 17

A field that examines the relationship between heredity and environmental factors and how they influence psychological characteristics

Question 18

Twin studies

Answer 18

A behavioural method in which identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins are compared on some characteristic; this method is particularly informative if the twins have been raised in different environments

Question 19

Genetic manipulation research

Answer 19

Involves transplanting genes from one species into one another

Question 20

Genetic screening

Answer 20

Detects susceptibility to diseases such as certain cancers, Alzheimer’s, arthritis

Question 21

Big five personality traits

Answer 21

1. Extroversion-introversion
2. Agreeableness (cooperative)
3. Conscientiousness (responsible)
4. Neuroticism (calm)
5. Openness (curiosity)

Question 22

Minnesota Twin Study

Answer 22

Twins raised torture and apart did not differ in their degree of personality similarity

Question 23

Reaction Range

Answer 23

The genetically influenced limits within which environmental factors can exert their effects on an organism

Question 24

Polygenic transmission

Answer 24

A number of genes working together to create a particular phenotypic characteristic

Question 25

Agreeableness and openness heritability estimate

Answer 25

0.42, 0.57