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A & P 1 > Chapter 4 - The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic Cells

A

body cells, all cells in the body except gametes

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2
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells

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3
Q

3 major parts of cell

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

all parts of cells between plasma membrane and nucleus

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

intracellular fluid between plasma membrane and nucleus

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6
Q

Function of Cytosol

A
  • support organelles (cytoskeleton)

- storage depot (inclusions)

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7
Q

Inclusions

A

cellular products collected in cytosol consisting of metabolic products or substances that can be converted to energy

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8
Q

4 most common inclusions

A
  • Fat droplets (adipocyte)
  • Glycogen (stored in liver and muscle cells)
  • Melanin (melanocytes)
  • Hemoglobin (oxygen carrying compound in RBCs)
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9
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of interlocking filamentous proteins in cytosol

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10
Q

Types of Protein Filaments in Cytoskeleton

A
  • microfilaments
  • microtubules
  • intermediate filaments
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11
Q

Microfilaments protein and motor molecule

A

actin

myosin

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12
Q

Functions of Microfilaments

A
  • shape and support plasma membrane
  • cell crawling (pseudopodia and microvilli)
  • moving cell vesicles
  • completing cell division
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13
Q

Microtubules protein and motor molecules

A
  • tubulin
  • kinesin (toward plus)
  • dynein (toward minus)
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14
Q

Function of Microtubules

A
  • position organelles
  • move cilia/flagella
  • facilitate cell reproduction
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15
Q

Centrosome

A

microtubule production center; enclose two centrioles

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16
Q

Centrioles

A

organelles with 9 triplets of microtubules; function unknown

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17
Q

Intermediate Filaments protein

A

keratin
no “endedness” so no motor molecules
Secondary level of complexity

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18
Q

Function of Intermediate Filaments

A
  • reinforce cell junctions
  • prevent cells pulling apart
  • component in hair and nails
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19
Q

Basal body

A

anchors cilium or flagellum to the cell cortex and directs assembly of microtubules

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20
Q

Organelles that Produce, Modify, or Package Molecules

A

Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Golgi Complex, Endoplasmic Reticulum

21
Q

Function of Ribosome

A

construction sites for synthesizing proteins

22
Q

Structure of Ribosome

A

one large (60s) and one small (40s) subunit; formed from union of ribosomal proteins and rRNA

23
Q

Bound Ribosomes

A
  • attach to surface of other organelles

- synthesized proteins leave the cell and function elsewhere (insulin)

24
Q

Free Ribosomes

A
  • move about in cytosol

- synthesized proteins remain inside cell and carry out cellular functions

25
Function of Mitochondria
synthesizes most of cell's ATP along inner membrane
26
Structure of Mitochondria
Two phospholipid bilayers (inner and outer); contains one circular double helix DNA molecule; contains protein synthesizing ribosomes (50s and 30s); divides through binary fission
27
Endosymbiotic Theory
Theory that mitochondria were once free-living bacteria that were absorbed by cells
28
Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum
protein and lipid synthesis
29
Structure of ER
Largest membranous organelle; membranous network extending from surface of nuclear membrane; rough and smooth ER
30
Structure of Rough ER
continuous with nuclear membrane; wavy layers enclose cisternae where proteins modified and stored; ribosomes bound to membrane
31
Function of Rough ER
- Glycosylation - attach carbs to proteins to make glycoproteins - make proteins that cell exports
32
Structure of Smooth ER
networks of tubules and sacs moving out from nucleus; lacks ribosomes
33
Function of Smooth ER
- construction site of phospholipids and cholesterol (lipids); detoxifies (hydrolysis of) alcohol and drugs; muscle cells store Ca(2+) ions
34
Structure of Golgi Complex
cis face points at rough ER and receives ER's transport vesicles; narrower trans face points at plasma membrane
35
Function of Golgi Complex
processes and packages items for the cell; receives ER's transport vesicles at cis face and synthesizes glycoproteins (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate); releases secretory vesicles and lysosomes at trans face
36
Organelles that Transport and Digest Products
``` Transport Vesicles Secretory Vesicles Endocytic Vesicles Lysosomes Peroxisomes ```
37
Vesicles
Small, spherical organelles that transport substances through cytoplasm; originate at certain organelles or plasma membrane
38
Endomembrane System
ER, Golgi complex, and lysosomes interactions through vesicles to perform vital cellular function
39
Secretory pathway
outbound pathway moves materials from endomembrane system to plasma membrane
40
Endocytic pathway
inbound pathway moves material from plasma membrane to endomembrane system
41
Transport vesicles
carry organic molecules from ER to Golgi complex and from Golgi to other organelles and plasma membrane; can secrete to ECF
42
Secretory vesicles
bud off Golgi complex and congregate near plasma membrane but secrete contents only when prompted by chemical in ECF
43
Endocytic vesicles
pinch off plasma membrane and deliver substances from ECF into cells
44
Lysosomes
specialized vesicles that pinch off Golgi complex, remain in cell, and decompose food molecules and worn out organelles
45
Enzyme in Lysosome
Hydrolases - digest large organic molecules, breaking into smaller molecules by hydrolysis
46
More functions of Lysosomes
- digest contents of endocytic vesicles - autophagia - digests one of it own organelles - autolysis - lysosomes rupture to destroy cell
47
Peroxisomes
- tiny organelles that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and various toxins using oxidase and catalase enzymes; form by pinching in two
48
Oxidase function
- removes electrons from molecules causing them to break apart - converts free radicals into hydrogen peroxide
49
Catalase function
converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

A & P 1 (5 decks)

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