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HUMANITIES 101 > Chapter 4 - The Flowering of World Religions > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Flowering of World Religions Flashcards

1
Q

What feature of Judaism is different from the religions of ancient Greece and Rome?

A

The belief in a single, all-powerful god

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2
Q

Who did the Hebrews conquer in order to establish the first Hebrew state in Canaan?

A

Philistines

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3
Q

Which are part of the Torah?

A

Historical narratives, Ethical code, Hebrew legends and Genesis

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4
Q

What distinguished Judaism from other religions in the ancient world?

A

Its emphasis on ethics

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5
Q

What practice, common in the Near Eastern mystery cults, symbolized spiritual rebirth?

A

Ritual baptism

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6
Q

Which of the following is true of the history, legends, and laws of the Hebrews?

A

They were transmitted orally for hundreds of years.

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7
Q

What is the Torah?

A

the first five books of the Bible

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8
Q

What term describes the musical technique in which the cantor and congregation sing alternating verses of psalms?

A

Antiphonal

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9
Q

The Roman practice of interpreting omens to predict future events is called _____.

A

Augury

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10
Q

Tensions between the Romans and the Jews in Jerusalem culminated in the Roman assault on the city and the destruction of the ______ in 70 C.E.

A

Second Temple

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11
Q

Which of the following events in the life of Jesus are described in the Gospels?

A

Baptism by the preacher John
His charismatic teaching
His crucifixion by the Romans

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12
Q

What was a result of Paul’s writings on the life and message of Jesus?

A

Christianity separated itself from Judaism, becoming a new religion.

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13
Q

Why did Christianity appeal to the poor and oppressed?

A

It promised a better life in the hereafter.
It was easier to relate to Jesus, who had lived in the world, than to a distant god.
It was easy to understand.

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14
Q

Which statements about music in early Hebrew culture are true?

A

Music was committed to memory and passed on orally.
Music was closely tied to prayer and worship.

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15
Q

What was the main reason for animosity between the Roman empire and the Jewish people of Jerusalem in the time of Jesus?

A

Judaism forbade the worship of Rome’s ruler and its gods.

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16
Q

What happened in the first centuries after the death of Jesus?

A

There was diversity of belief and practice among Christians.

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17
Q

Although the Christian writings known as the
___________ cannot be seen as true biographies of Jesus, they do describe his life and teachings, beginning with his miraculous birth.

A

Gospels

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18
Q

How did Benedictine monastic communities exemplify early Christian principles?

A

Benedictine monks withdrew from the secular world.

Benedictine monks embraced poverty, prayer, and good works.

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19
Q

How did Paul the Apostle “universalize” Jesus’ message and aid in the spread of Christianity?

A

Making Christianity available to Gentiles

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20
Q

What conditions in the Roman Empire set the stage for Christianity to steadily grow?

A

Insecure borders and ongoing threat of invasion

The grinding poverty of many amid the great wealth of a few

The impersonality and corruption of the Roman government

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21
Q

in the first centuries after the death of Jesus, how was the Roman Catholic Church able to become the dominant administrative authority in Western Europe?

A

The Church used Roman methods of architectural construction.

The Church retained the Empire’s administrative hierarchy.

The Church inherited and employed the Roman legal system.

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22
Q

What was the general Benedictine monastic attitude toward women?

A

All women are sinful and dangerous

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23
Q

Augustine of Hippo was the author of the ______, the autobiography in which he reveals his lifelong conflict between worldly pleasures and his love of God

A

Confessions

24
Q

Matthew
Mark
Luke
John

A

The man
The Lion
The Ox
The Eagle

25
Q

What are the purposes of a hierarchy of spaces in a Christian church?

A

To help worshipers embrace the Christian rituals
To guide worshipers in moving into a sanctified space

26
Q

Which of the following describes the life of Augustine before his conversion to Christianity?

A

Turbulent and sensual

27
Q

Why did the Justinian revision and codification of Roman law have such a lasting impact on European legal history?

A

It formed the basis of later European legal systems.

28
Q

Why are the four evangelists depicted as animals in Christian iconography?

A

To convey the allegorical significance of the gospels each wrote

29
Q

Which characteristics of Hagia Sophia make it the crowning architectural achievement of the Byzantine Empire?

A

Its sizable dome and interior art

30
Q

During the Iconoclastic Controversy, what was the position of the Eastern Orthodox Church over the role of icons in divine worship?

A

Icons were no better than pagan idols.

31
Q

Which are accomplishments of the Byzantine emperor Justinian?

A

He made the Byzantine economy competitive with the Far East.

He commissioned monumental art and architecture.

He revised and codified the laws of the Roman Empire.

32
Q

Who performed the Gregorian chants in the early Christian church?

A

The clergy and monks

33
Q

In 622 C.E., Muhammad left his native city of Mecca, emigrating to ____________

A

Medina

34
Q

What is the fundamental source of Muslim ritual, ethics, and laws?

A

Qur’an

35
Q

What role did religious art play in the ultimate schism between the Western and Eastern Churches?

A

The Western Church continued to embrace religious art as inspirational.

36
Q

How is sharia, as provided in the hadith, best described?

A

Code of ethical conduct

37
Q

Which Muslim group holds that religious rulers should be chosen by the faithful?

A

Sunni

38
Q

Which are characteristics of the Gregorian chant?

A

There is only one line of melody.

It is sung without accompanying instruments.

Rhythm is determined by the text.

39
Q

What area of Africa became a center for Muslim traders in the 7th and 8th centuries?

A

North Africa

40
Q

Who appeared to Muhammad and commanded him to receive the revelation of the one and only Allah?

A

The Angel Gabriel

41
Q

Between the eighth and tenth centuries, what aspects of the Muslim world flowered?

A

Educational resources

Cultural vibrancy

International trade

42
Q

What does the holy book of Islam teach?

A

Humans are born free of Original Sin

All people will be judged by God.

A heavenly paradise awaits those who live a righteous life.

43
Q

The Blank______ serves as a second source of Muslim religious and legal tradition.

A

Hadith

44
Q

Which Muslim group holds that only Muhammad’s direct descendants should rule?

A

Shiite

45
Q

What goods were staples of Muslim traders in Africa during the 7th an 8th centuries?

A

Salt

Gold

Slaves

46
Q

In the golden age of Islam, the political center of the Muslim world shifted from Damascus to which city?

A

Baghdad (modern Iraq)

47
Q

Who summons Muslims to prayer five times per day?

A

Muezzins

48
Q

Which features of the Great Mosque at Cordoba exemplify Islamic architectural design

A

Horseshoe arches and Rhythmic ornamentation

49
Q

What types of motifs are found in Islamic decorative arts?

A

Floral

Calligraphic

Geometric

50
Q

What is the Buddhist concept of nirvana?

A

Release from the endless cycle of death and rebirth

51
Q

The tall, slender towers from which muezzins call Muslims to prayer are called _____.

A

minarets

52
Q

What architectural feature is the Great Mosque at Cordoba most known for?

A

A forest of ornamental columns

53
Q

What are some of the essential teachings of Siddhartha?

A

By practicing humility and compassion, one can be released from worldly illusion.

Desire and attachment to the material world causes human suffering.

The reward of the Buddhist is the attainment of nirvana, the release from the endless cycle of death and rebirth.

54
Q

__________ Gautama was the name of the 29-year-old prince who renounced his wealth to search for illumination and later came to be known as the Buddha.

A

Siddhartha

55
Q

Where is the Dome of the Rock located?

A

Jerusalem

56
Q

What architectural feature is the Dome of the Rock noted for?

A

Its gilded dome

57
Q

Which features of Islamic art and architecture do the exterior of the Dome of the Rock exhibit?

A

Heavy ornamentation

Harmonious proportions

HUMANITIES 101 (6 decks)

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