Chapter 4 the muscular system Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
abduction
A
the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
2
Q
Achilles tendinitis
A
a painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
3
Q
adduction
A
the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
4
Q
adhesion
A
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
5
Q
antispasmodic
A
administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
6
Q
ataxia
A
the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement
7
Q
atonic
A
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
8
Q
atrophy
A
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
9
Q
biceps brachii
A
biceps, formed from two divisions
10
Q
bradykinesia
A
extreme slowness in movement
11
Q
cardioplegia
A
paralysis of heart muscle (cardiac arrest)
12
Q
carpal tunnel release
A
the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve nerve pressure
13
Q
carpal tunnel syndrome
A
occurs when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
14
Q
chronic fatigue syndrome
A
a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems
15
Q
circumduction
A
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
16
Q
compartment syndrome
A
involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles
17
Q
contraction
A
the tightening of a muscle
18
Q
contracture
A
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
19
Q
cramp
A
a localized muscle spasm often named for its cause
20
Q
deep tendon reflexes
A
tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon
21
Q
deltoid muscle
A
forms the muscular cap of the shoulder
22
Q
depression
A
the act of lowering a body part
23
Q
dorsiflexion
A
bends the foot upward at the ankle
24
Q
dyskinesia
A
the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as in a tic or spasm
25
dystaxia
a mild form of ataxia
26
dystonia
a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
27
electroneuromyography
a diagnostic procedure for testing and recording neuromuscular activity by the electric stimulation of the nerve trunk that carries fibers to and from the muscle
28
electromyography
a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
29
elevation
the act of raising or lifting a body part
30
epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
31
ergonomics
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
32
exercise physiologist
a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
33
extension
increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening of a limb
34
fascia
the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles or groups of muscles
35
fasciitis
inflammation of a fascia
36
fascioplasty
the surgical repair of fascia
37
fasciotomy
a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
38
fibromyalgia syndrome
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse and or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms
39
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
40
ganglion cyst
a harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
41
gluteus maximus
the largest muscle of the buttock
42
hamstring group
located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
43
hamstring injury
a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles
44
heel spur
a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia nears its attachment to the calcaneus bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis
45
hemiparesis
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
46
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body
47
hyperextension
the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
48
hyperkinesia
abnormally increased muscle function or activity
49
hypertonia
a condition of excessive tone of the skeletal muscles
50
hypokinesia
abnormally decreased muscle function or activity
51
hypotonia
a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
52
impingement syndrome
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
53
insertion
the place where the muscle ends by attaching to a bonen or tendon; the more moveable attachment, located farthest from the midline of the body
54
intermittent claudication
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
55
muscle fibers
the long, slender cells that make up muscles
56
muscle innervations
the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
57
muscle tone
the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
58
muscular dystrophy
a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system
59
myalgia
tenderness or pain in the muscles
60
myasthenia gravis
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
61
myocele
the herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
62
myectomy
the surgical excision of a portion of a muscle
63
myocardial muscles
form the muscular walls of the heart
64
myoclonus
the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
65
myofascial
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
66
myofascial pain syndrome
a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body
67
myofascial release
a specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), and carpal tunnel syndrome
68
myolysis
the degeneration of muscle tissue
69
myomalacia
abnormal softening of muscle tissue
70
myoparesis
a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
71
myorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of a muscle wound
72
myorrhexis
the rupture or tearing of a muscle
73
myotomy
a surgical incision into a muscle
74
myotonia
a neuromuscular disorder characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles after a voluntary contraction
75
myoplasty
the surgical repair of a muscle
76
neurologist
a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
77
neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between nerve and muscle
78
neuromuscular blocker
a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles
79
nocturnal myoclonus
jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep
80
oblique
slanted or at an angle
81
occupational therapy
consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in normalizing their ability to perform the activities of daily living (ADL)
82
origin
the place where the muscle begins; the less moveable attachment located nearest the midline of the body
83
overuse injuries
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
84
overuse tendinitis
inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
85
paralysis
the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
86
paraplegia
the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
87
physiatrist
a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
88
physical therapy
treatment to prevent disability or to restore functioning through the use of exercise
89
plantar fasciitis
an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
90
plantar flexion
bends the foot downward at the ankle
91
polymyositis
a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
92
pronation
the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
93
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremeties
94
range of motion testing (ROM)
a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
95
rectus
in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
96
relaxation
when a muscle returns to its original form
97
repetitive stress disorders
a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports
98
rheumatologist
a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia and tendonitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
99
RICE
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
100
rotation
turns a bone on its own axis
101
rotator cuff tendinitis
an inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff
102
ruptured rotator cuff
develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues
103
sarcopenia
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging
104
shin splint
a painful condition caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia
105
singultus
myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm (hiccups)
106
skeletal muscle relaxant
administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries
107
skeletal muscles
attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
108
smooth muscles
located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands
109
spasm
a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
110
spasmodic torticollis
a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
111
sphincter
a ring-like muscle that tightly constructs the opening of a passageway
112
spinal cord injury
the type of paralysis is determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury
113
sports medicine physician
specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
114
sprain
an injury of a joint, such as ankle, knee, or wrist that usually involves a stretched or torn ligament
115
strain
an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
116
supination
the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand, or sole of the foot, is turned forward or upward
117
tendinitis
an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
118
tendon
a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
119
tenectomy
the surgical resection of a portion of a tendon or tendon sheath
120
tenodesis
the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
121
tenodynia
pain in a tendon
122
tenolysis
the release of a tendon from adhesions
123
tenoplasty
the surgical repair of a tendon
124
tenorrhaphy
surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
125
tenotomy
the surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by the abnormal shortening of a muscle
126
therapeutic ultrasound
utilizes high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
127
transverse
in a crosswise direction
128
triceps brachii
triceps, formed from three divisions
129
Lateralis
toward the side
130
Phsiatrist
is a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function.
131
myocardial
heart muscles
132
fasciorrhaphy
surgical suturing of torn fascia
133
fasciectomy
the surgical removal of fascia
134
herniorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of a defect in a muscular wall, such as the repair of a hermia.
