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Human A&P > Chapter 4 Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

TISSUE

A

groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

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2
Q

UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

A

independent little creatures that obtain and digest food, ejects its wastes, and carries out all the other activities necessary to keep itself alive

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3
Q

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

A

covers
sheet of cells that cover the body surface or lines a body cavity
forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, and filters
ex. lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs, glands (pancreas), and skin surface

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4
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

supports
supports, protects, binds other tissues together
ex. bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue

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5
Q

MUSCLE TISSUE

A

moves
contracts to cause movement
ex. muscles attached to bones (skeletal), muscles of heart (cardiac), and muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)

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6
Q

NERVOUS TISSUE

A

controls
internal communication
ex. brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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7
Q

NEGATIVELY CHARGED MOLECULES

A

acidic stains

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8
Q

POSITIVELY CHARGED MOLECULES

A

base stains

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9
Q

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM)

A

tissue cells are stained with heavy metal salts (looks like regular microscope picture)

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10
Q

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM)

A

provides 3D pictures of unsectioned tissue surface (looks more realistic)

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11
Q

ARTIFACTS

A

minor distortions from original condition

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12
Q

COVERING AND LINING EPITHELIUM

A

forms the outer layer of the skin; dips into and lines the open cavities of the urogenital, digestive, amd respiratory systems

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13
Q

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

A

fashions the glands of the body

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14
Q

WHAT ARE THE 5 DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIUM?

A

polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, and regeneration

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15
Q

POLARITY

A

APICAL SURFACE: not attached to surrounding tissue and is exposed to either the outside of the body or the cavity of an internal organ
BASAL SURFACE: attached to the underlying connective tissue

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16
Q

MICROVILLI

A

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
increase the exposed surface area

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17
Q

BRUSH BORDER

A

fuzzy appearance

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18
Q

BASAL LAMINA

A

noncellular adhesive sheet consists largely of glycoproteins secreted by the epithelial cells plus some fine collagen fibers
acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter the epithelium

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19
Q

SPECIALIZED CONTACTS

A

epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets
the sides of adjecent cells are held together by tight junctions and desmosomes (prevent substances from leaking through spaces and keep cells from pulling apart

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20
Q

WHAT ARE EPITHELIAL CELLS SUPPORTED BY?

A

connective tissue

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21
Q

BASEMENT MEMBRANE

A

reinforces epithelial sheet, helps resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary
two layers: basal lamina & reticular lamina

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22
Q

RETICULAR LAMINA

A

deep to the basal lamina, consists of a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fibers that belongs to the underlying connective tissue

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23
Q

AVASCULAR

A

contains no blood vessels (epithelial)

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24
Q

INNERVATED

A

supplies by nerve fibers (epithelial)

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25
HOW ARE EPITHELIAL CELLS NOURISHED?
substances diffusing from blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue
26
REGENERATION
epithelium has a high regenerative capacity
27
HOW MANY PARTS DOES EACH EPITHELIUM NAME HAVE?
2 parts: first name: indicates the number of cell layers present (based on that number there are simple and stratified) last name: describes the shape of its cells.
28
SIMPLE EPITHELIA
a single cell layer typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur
29
STRATIFIED EPITHELIA
two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other
30
WHAT ARE THE THREE COMMON SHAPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS?
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
31
SQUAMUS CELLS
flattened and scale like
32
CUBODIAL CELLS
box like, approx. as tall as wide
33
COLUMNAR CELLS
tall and column shaped
34
SIMPLE EPITHELIA
most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration; single cell layer, very thin
35
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
flattened; sparse cytoplasm; filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion; composed of several layers; used for protection 2 types: endothelium and mesothelium
36
ENDOTHELIUM
slick friction reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system
37
MESOTHELIUM
epithelium found in serous membranes, lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs
38
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
cary in height; gives false impression that several cell layers are present; secrets and absorbs substances
39
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
forms lining of hollow urinary organs; have the ability to change cell shape
40
GLAND
one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
41
SECRETION
water based fluid that usually contains proteins
42
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
lose their ducts during development; produce hormones
43
EXOCRINE GLANDS
secrete products onto body surface or into body cavities
44
MUCIN
complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted; once dissolved it forms mucus
45
WHAT ARE THE TWO PARTS OF MULTICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS?
epithelium derived duct and a secretory unit
46
MULTICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
simple glands have an unbranched duct compound glands have a branched duct tubular is the secretory cells form tubes alveolar if they form small flasklike sacs tubuloalveolar is they have both types of secretory units
47
MULTICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS MODES OF SECRETIONS
merocrine glands: secret products by exocytosis as they are produced holocrine glands: accumulate their product until they rupture
48
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
4 main types: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood Can bear weight withstand great tension and endure abuses such as physical trauma and abrasion that no other tissue can tolerate because if it's matrix
49
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
loose connective tissue functions as a binding tissue, resists mechanical stress (tension), stores salt, water, and fat
50
CARTILAGE
resists compression because of large amounts of water held in matrix, functions to cushion and support body structures
51
BONE
hard tissue that resists compression and tension; functions in support
52
BLOOD
a fluid tissue; functions to carry O2 CO2, nutrients, wastes, and others
53
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE?
binding and supporting protecting insulating storing reserve fuel transporting substances within the body
54
WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE?
Ground substance fibers and cells (together they make the extracellular matrix)
55
GROUND SUBSTANCE
the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers
56
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
the ground substance consists of large amounts of fluid and functions as amolecular sieve through which nutrients and other dissolved substances can diffuse between the blood capillaries and the cells
57
CELL ADHESION PROTEINS
serve as connective tissue glue that allows connective tissue cells to attach to the extracellular matrix
58
PROTEOGLYCANS
a protein core where large polysaccharides are attached
59
COLLAGEN FIBERS
constructed primarily of collagen (very strong)
60
ELASTIC FIBERS
form branching networks in the extracellular matrix; contain rubberlike protein (elastin) that allows them to stretch and recoil
61
RETICULAR FIBERS
short fine fibers made from thicker collagen fibers
62
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL
immature blood cell forming type
63
ADIPOCYTES
store energy as fat
64
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
cells that are concerned with tissue response to injury
65
MAST CELLS
oval cells that detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses against them
66
HEPARIN
anticoagulant chemical that prevents blood clotting when free in the bloodstream
67
HISTAMINE
substance that makes capillaries leaky
68
MACROPHAGES
large irregular shaped cells that avidly devour a broad variety of foreign materials
69
MESENCHYME
a fluid ground substance containing fine spase fibers and star shaped mesenchymal cells
70
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES
serves as a universal packing material between other tissues binds body parts together while allowing them to move freely over one another
71
ADIPOSE TISSUE
great nutrient storing ability; closely packed cells
72
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
form a delicate network; widely distributed in the body
73
WHAT ARE THE 3 VARIETIES OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE?
dense regular dense irregular elastic
74
DENSE REGULAR
closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction parallel to the direction of pull; great resistance to tension; flexible
75
DENSE IRREGULAR
thick and arranged irregularly
76
TYPES OF TISSUES?
STUDY PICTURES
77
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ligaments; stretchy
78
CARTILAGE
stands up to tension and compression; tough but flexible
79
HYALINE CARTILAGE
most abundant cartilage in the body
80
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
more elastic fibers than HYALINE
81
FIBROCARTILAGE
rows of chondrocytes and thick collagen fibers
82
MICROFILAMENTS
elaborate networks of the actin and myosin filaments that bring about movement and contraction
83
WHAT ARE THE 3 KINDS OF MUSCLE TISSUE?
skeletal cardiac smooth
84
MUCLE TISSUES
well vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement
85
SKELETAL MUSCLE
attached to the bones of the skeleton; contract and pull on bones and skin
86
CARDIAC MUSCLE
only found in the walls of the heart; propel blood through the blood vessels to all parts of the body
87
SMOOTH MUSCLE
spindle shaped; contain one centrally located nucleus; found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
88
NERVOUS TISSUE
main component of the nervous system; brain, spinal cord, nerves
89
NEURONS
highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
90
WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF COVERING AND LINING MEMBRANES?
cutaneous mucous serous composed of at least 2 tissue types; epithelium bound to an underlying layer of connective tissue proper
91
CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE
skin
92
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body
93
SEROUS MEMBRANE
moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities
94
WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF TISSUE REPAIR?
regeneration: replaces destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue fibrosis: replaces destroyed tissue with scar tissue (dense connective tissue)
95
GRANULATION TISSUE
delicate pink tissue that contains capillaries that grow from nearby areas and lay down a new capillary bed

Human A&P (2 decks)

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