Chapter 4- Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards
Tissues
Groups of cells working together
4 primary types of tissues
Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Totipotent
The first embryonic cells generated have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the body
Each has the capacity to divide, differentiate, and develop into a new organism
As cell proliferation progresses…
3 major cell lineages are established within the embryo.
Each of these lineages forms the distinct germ layers from which all the tissues and organs of the human body eventually form.
-Each germ layer is identified by its relative position
ectoderm- outer
mesoderm- middle
endoderm- inner
Embryonic germ layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Epidermis, glands on skin, some cranial bones, pituitary and adrenal medulla, the nervous system, the mouth between cheeks and gums, the anus
Epithelial and nervous tissue
(ecto=outer)
-Skin cells
-Neurons
-Pigment cell
Mesoderm
Connective tissues proper bone, cartilage, bone, endothelium of blood vessels, muscle, synovial membranes, serous membranes lining body cavities, kidneys, lining of gonads
Muscle tissue
(meso=middle)
-Cardiac muscle
-Skeletal muscle
-Tubule cell of kidney
-Red blood cells
-Smooth muscle
Endoderm
Lining of airways and digestive system except the mouth and distal part of the digestive system (rectum and anal canal); glands (digestive glands, endocrine glands, adrenal cortex)
(endo=inner)
-Lung cell
-Thyroid cell
-Pancreatic cell
Types of cell junctions
Tight junction
Gap junction
Anchoring junctions
Tight junction
-Adjacent plasma membranes
-Strands of transmembrane proteins
-Intercellular space
Gap junction
-Adjacent plasma membranes
-Gap between cells
-Connexons (composed of connexins)
Types of anchoring junctions
Desmosome
Adherens
Hemidesmosome
Desmosome
-Adjacent Plasma membranes
-Plaque
-Transmembrane glycoprotein (cadherin)
-Intermediate filament
-Intracellular space
Adherens
-Adjacent plasma membranes
-Plaque
-Transmembrane glycoprotein (cadherin)
-Actin filament
-Intercellular space
Hemidesmosome
-Integrins
-Basal Lamina
Epithelial tissue
The sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways, and form certain glands
In all three germ layers
Includes epithelia and glands
Functions: Protect, control permeability, detect sensation, and produce secretions
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
-Avascular
-Polarity w/ apical and basal surfaces
-Specific cell shapes and layer
-Regenerative
-Complex connections
Connective tissue
Binds the cells and organs of the body together
Functions: Protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body
Muscle tissue
Excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to provide movement and occurs as three major types
3 major types of muscle tissue
-Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
-Smooth muscle
-Cardiac muscle in the heart
Nervous tissue
Excitable, allowing the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body
What makes a cell more likely to be cuboidal?
If its circular
Found in microtubules
Pseudo
False
Stratified
More than one layer
