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BIO 1002 > CHAPTER 4: TISSUES > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4: TISSUES Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of structures, from smallest to largest?

A

cell
tissues
organs
organ systems

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2
Q

What is a Tissue?

A

A collection of cells of the same type that perform a common function

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3
Q

4 Major Tissue Types and Their Function

A
  • Connective: bind & supports body parts
  • Muscular: moves the body and its parts
  • Nervous: receives stimuli & conducts nerve impulses
  • Epithelial: covers body surfaces & lines body cavities
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4
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Function: binds & supports parts of the body

- Structure: loose cells surrounded by a protein matrix

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5
Q

3 Types of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Fibrous:
  2. Supportive:
  3. Fluid:
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6
Q

Connective Tissue is composed of:

A

-specialized cells
-ground substance: fills space between cells, can be solid or fluid
protein fibers
-The ground substance and protein fibers together make up the matrix of the tissue.

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7
Q

Fibrous Connective Tissue

A

Contains fibroblast cells in a matrix of collagen and elastic fibers

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8
Q

Loose fibrous connective tissue

A
  • is found supporting epithelium and many internal organs

- Adipose tissue: is a special loose fibrous tissue where fat is stored

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9
Q

Dense fibrous connective tissue

A

contains many collagen fibers packed together

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10
Q

tendon & ligament

A

tendon: connects muscle to bone
ligament: connects bone to bone at joints

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11
Q

Cartilage structure

A
  • Cells are in chambers called lacunae .

- The matrix is solid but flexible .

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12
Q

2 Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

  • description: fine collagen fibers
  • -location: nose, ends of long bones & fetal skeleton

Elastic cartilage

  • description: more elastic fibers than collagen fibers
  • location: Outer ear

Fibrocartilage

  • description: strong collagen fibers
  • location: disks between vertebrae
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13
Q

What distinguishes the 3 types of cartilage?

A

the types of fibers

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14
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

hyaline

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15
Q

bone structure

A
  • Cells are in chambers called lacunae .
  • The matrix is solid and rigid.
  • The matrix is made of collagen and calcium salts
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16
Q

Types of Bone

A

Compact bone

  • structure/ description: made of repeating circular units called osteons which contain the hard matrix & living cells & blood vessels
  • location: shafts of long bone

Spongy bone

  • structure/ description: an open, latticework with irregular spaces
  • location: ends of long bone
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17
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue: blood

A
  • The fluid matrix is called plasma .

- Blood also contains specialized cells called the formed elements

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18
Q

*The 3 Types of Formed Elements and their function

A
  • Red blood Cells: carry oxygen
  • White blood cells: fight infection
  • Platelets: cell fragments that clot blood
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19
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue: Lymph

A
  • The matrix is a fluid called lymph .

- Contains white blood cells.

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20
Q

Muscular tissue

A
  • made of muscle cells, also known as muscle fibers .

- Muscle cells contain the proteins actin and myosin, which are involved in muscle contraction.

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21
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
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22
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

long cylindrical cells , multiple nuclei, striated fibers, location: attached to the bone for movement, type of movement: voluntary

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23
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

spindled cells, one nuclei, lack striations, location: walls of hollow, tubular organs & vessels, intestine, bladder, type of movement: involuntary

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24
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

branched cells, single nucleus, striations with darker striations called intercalated disks between cells, location: heart, type of movement: involuntary

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25
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Allows for communication between cells

  • Receives sensory information (input)
  • Processes the information (data processing)
  • Generates a motor response (output)
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26
Q

2 Major Cell Types

A
  1. Neuron = nerve cell

2. Neuroglia: support/ helper cells

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27
Q

The 3 parts of a neuron are:

A
  1. dendrites
  2. cell body
  3. axon
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28
Q

Dendrites

A

carry information toward the cell body

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29
Q

Axons

A

carry information away from the cell body

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30
Q

What is the difference between a nerve and a nerve cell?

A
  • A nerve cell is called a neuron. The parts of a nerve cell are the cell body, dendrites and axon.
  • A nerve is a bundle of axons and connective tissue. It also contains arteries and veins
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31
Q

Neuroglia

A

Function: a collection of cells that support & nourish neurons

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32
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Description: forms linings and barriers. Lines body cavities, covers body surfaces and found in glands

Location: Cells are anchored by a basement membrane on one side and are free (unattached) on the other side.

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33
Q

How Epithelial Cells are Named

A

Number of cell layers:

  • simple: one layer of cells
  • stratified: more than one layer of cells
  • pseudostratified: appears to have layers but really has only one layer

Shape of cell:

  • Cuboidal: cube-shaped
  • Columnar: column-shaped
  • Squamous: flattened
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34
Q

Types of Epithelial Tissue

A

simple squamous epithelial

  • shape of cells- thin flat cells: designed for diffusion
  • only 1 layer thick
  • location: lining of lungs, blood vessels

simple cuboidal epithelial

  • only 1 layer thick
  • location: lining of kidney tubules, various glands
  • absorbs molecules

simple columnar epithelial
-shape of cells: Rectangular
-Simple = 1 layer cells
Goblet cells: secrete mucus
-number of cell layers:
-function: absorption Ciliated cells line the oviduct and propel egg towards uterus
-location: lines digestive tract, oviduct

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial

  • shape of cells:
  • number of cell layers: 1 layer but looks like more
  • contain goblet cells that secrete mucus
  • function: mucus traps particles, cilia sweeps mucus to back of throat so it can be swallowed or spit out
  • location: lining of trachea

stratified squamous epithelial

  • shape of cells:
  • number of cell layers: more than 1 layer
  • function: multiple cell layers provide protection
  • location: skin, nose, mouth esophagus, anal canal, cervix, vagina
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35
Q

organ

A

2 or more tissues working together to do a particular function

36
Q

organ system

A

contains many organs that carry out a process (ex. Digestion)

37
Q

The skin is an organ and contains all 4 tissues:

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

38
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • The Integumentary System contains the skin and accessory organs: hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
  • The skin has two main regions, the epidermis and the dermis.
  • Under the skin there is a subcutaneous layer located between the dermis and internal structures, where fat is stored.
39
Q

Functions of Integumentary System

A
  1. Protects the body from physical trauma, invasion by pathogens and water loss
  2. Helps regulate body temperature
  3. Allows us to be aware of our surroundings through sensory receptors
  4. Synthesizes chemicals such as melanin and vitamin D
40
Q

The Skin has 2 Regions

A
  1. epidermis

2. dermis

41
Q

What kind of tissue is the epidermis composed of?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

42
Q

What are the specialized cells found in the epidermis, and their function?

A

bottom layer, divide to produce new epidermal cells

43
Q

How is the epidermis made?

A
  • The stem cells, also known as basal cells are located bottom layer
  • These cells divide to produce new epidermal cells
  • New skin cells become flattened and hardened as they push to the surface.
  • In the Region of Keratinization cells produce a waterproof substance called keratin .
  • The outer skin cell layers are dead and keratinized producing a waterproof layer.
44
Q

Where is the dermis located?

A

The thick, inner layer of the skin

45
Q

What kind of tissue is the dermis made of?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

46
Q

What other structures are found in the dermis?

A
  • blood vessels, many sensory receptors and glands

- contains elastic and collagen fibers

47
Q

Skin Cancer: Melanoma ABCDE

A 
A = Asymmetry
B = Border
C = Color 
D = Diameter 
E = Elevated
48
Q

Accessory Organs of the Skin

A
  • Nails are derived from the epidermis. Their function is: they offer a protective covering
  • Hair follicles are derived from the dermis. Hair grows from epidermal cells
  • Oil glands are associated with hair. They produce sebum. The function of this is:
  • -lubricates hair and skin
  • -retards bacterial growth
  • Sweat glands are derived from the dermis and help regulate body temperature.
49
Q

Name the 11 Organ Systems in the Human Body

A 
Integumentary
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic and Immune
Digestive
Respiratory 
Urinary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Reproductive
50
Q

Integumentary System organs

A
  • skin
  • accessory organs
  • blood vessels
  • nerves
51
Q

Integumentary System functions

A
  • Protects body
  • Receives sensory input
  • Regulates temperature
  • Makes vitamin D
52
Q

Cardiovascular System organs

A
  • heart
  • blood
  • blood vessels
53
Q

Cardiovascular System Functions

A
  • Transports blood, nutrients, gases and wastes
  • Defends against disease
  • Helps control temperature, fluid and pH balance
54
Q

Lymphatic and Immune System organs

A
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • other lymphatic organs
55
Q

Lymphatic and Immune System Functions

A
  • Helps control fluid balance
  • Absorbs fats
  • Defends against infectious disease
56
Q

Digestive System organs

A
  • mouth
  • stomach
  • esophagus
  • small & large intestine
  • tongue
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • gallbladder
57
Q

Digestive System Functions

A
  • Ingests food
  • Digests food
  • Absorbs nutrients
  • Eliminates waste
58
Q

Respiratory System organs

A

lungs and tubes that bring air to the lungs

59
Q

Respiratory System Functions

A
  • Maintains breathing
  • Exchanges gases at lungs and tissues
  • Helps control pH balance
60
Q

Urinary System organs

A
  • kidneys

- urinary bladder and tubes that carry urine

61
Q

Urinary System Functions

A
  • Excretes metabolic waste
  • Helps control fluid balance
  • Helps control pH balance
62
Q

Skeletal System organs

A

bones

63
Q

Skeletal System Functions

A
  • Supports the body
  • Protects body parts
  • Helps move the body
  • Stores minerals
  • Produces blood cells
64
Q

Muscular System organs

A

muscles

65
Q

Muscular System Functions

A
  • Maintains posture
  • Moves body parts and internal organs
  • Produces heat
66
Q

Nervous System organs

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • associated nerves
67
Q

Nervous System Functions

A
  • Receives sensory input
  • Processes and stores information
  • Initiates motor output
  • Helps coordinate organ systems
68
Q

Endocrine System organs

A

hormonal glands

69
Q

Endocrine System Functions

A
  • Produces hormones
  • Helps coordinate organ systems
  • Responds to stress
  • Helps regulate fluid and pH balance & metabolism
70
Q

Reproductive System organs

A

Male: testes, other glands, penis
Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, external genitals

71
Q

Reproductive System Functions

A
  • Produces gametes (sperm & eggs)
  • Transports gametes
  • Produces sex hormones
  • Nurtures and gives birth to offspring in females
72
Q

The Human Body is Divided into 2 Main Cavities

A
  • Ventral Cavity: located in the front or Anterior part of the body
  • Dorsal Cavity: located in the back or Posterior part of the body
73
Q

The Dorsal Body Cavities

A
  • Cranial Cavity contains the brain .

- Vertebral Cavity contains the spinal cord

74
Q

The Ventral Body Cavities

A

Ventral Cavity

  • thoracic
  • abdominal
  • pelvic
75
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

The Thoracic Cavity contains:

  • heart
  • lungs
  • esophagus
  • The Thoracic Cavity is separated from the Abdominal Cavity by the diaphragm.
76
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A
  • stomach
  • liver
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • gallbladder
  • intestines
77
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

reproductive organs
rectum
urinary bladder
small & large intestine

78
Q

Mucous membranes are found lining the

A

digestive
respiratory
urinary systems
fibrous connective tissue

79
Q

Serous membranes

A

line the lungs, heart, and abdominal cavity, and cover the internal organs.

80
Q

Pleura

A

line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs.

pleurisy is an infection of the lungs

81
Q

Peritoneum

A

lines the abdominal cavity and covers its organs.

peritonitis is an infection of the abdominal cavity

82
Q

Pericardium

A

covers the heart

83
Q

Synovial membranes

A

line the cavities of joints.

84
Q

Meninges

A

cover the brain and spinal cord

85
Q

Homoeostasis

A
  • the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the body
  • nervous and endocrine systems

BIO 1002 (3 decks)

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