chapter 4-tissues Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
histology
A
study of cells
2
Q
mesoderm
A
the primary germ layer that will give rise to all the muscle tissue and all the connective tissue of the body
3
Q
what surface area expansion specialization would be expected on the apical surface of an epithelium involved in absorption, such as the simple columnar epithelium of the intestine?
A
mircovili
4
Q
gap junction
A
the specific adhesion composed of connexons that allows for communication
5
Q
the type of epithelial tissue that makes up the pancreas, the salivary glands & the thyroid, it’s single layer of cells that are as tall as they are wide
A
simple cuboidal epithelium
6
Q
transitional epithelium
A
type epithelium that is designed to stretch and changes shape when it does so
7
Q
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
A
consists of both short cells & tall cells with cilia on the apical surface, it lines the respiratory tract
8
Q
apocrine secretion
A
type of exocrine secretion where the whole apical region of the cell is shed to release the secretion
9
Q
serous glands
A
producing a secretion of watery enzymes
10
Q
the matrix of connective tissue is composed of fibers and what else?
A
ground substance
11
Q
mesenchyme
A
all connective tissue types are derived from the embryonic version of connective tissue
12
Q
reticular fibers (collagen protein)
A
connective tissue fibers that are composed of collagen protein that is arranged in a branchy framework to support cells
13
Q
fibroblasts
A
-the most common cell type in connective tissue
-they are responsible for producing the matrix
14
Q
mast cells
A
connective tissue cells that release histamine & heparin to induce inflammation in response to injury
15
Q
what is the type of connective tissue located just under the basal lamina beneath an epithelium?
A
areolar
16
Q
what is the function of an adipocyte in an adult?
A
store triglycerides (fat)
17
Q
what connective tissue consists of a mesh of collagen fibers running in many different directions?
A
dense irregular
18
Q
when the matrix contains chondroitin sulfate, the connective tissue is a type of what?
A
cartilage
19
Q
chondrocytes are located in spaces called what?
A
lacunae
20
Q
what type of cartilage contains very fine fibers in a waxy or glassy matrix and makes up articular surfaces?
A
hyaline
21
Q
bone matrix is specialized for strength with what salts?
A
calcium
22
Q
connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane is called the what?
A
lamina propia
23
Q
what membranes are composed of areolar connective tissue only with no epithelium?
A
synovial
24
Q
skeletal muscle appears striated due to the myofibril organization of the contractile proteins what? and myosin
A
actin
25
axon
part of a neuron that send messages to the next cell
26
A visible scar of collagen following an injury is called a what?
fibrosis
27
repeated damage or inflammation can lead to what, the initial change in the normal size, shape, or organization of cells?
dysplasia (reversible)
28
what are the two versions of general adhesion("glue")
cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) & intercellular cement
29
cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
-connect adjacent membranes or bind extracellular materials (basal lamina)
-"big glue"
30
intercellular cement
-thin layer of hyaluronan (proteoglycan: protein + carbohydrate) that attaches adjacent membranes
-"small glue"
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specific adhension
-cell junction
-uses large molecules
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what are the types of specific adhesion?
tight junctions, gap junctions & desmosomes
33
tight junctions
interlocking proteins, binds lipid portion of membrane, water tight seal
34
desmosomes
CAMs + intercellular cement on dense are attached to cytoskeleton, resist stretching and twisting
35
what are the three types of desmosomes?
belt desmosomes, button desmosomes & hemidesmosomes
36
belt desmosomes
continuous band in apical region attached to microfilaments
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button desmosomes
"spot welds" attached to the intermediate filaments
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hemidesmosomes
half button desmosome at basal surface that attaches to basal lamina
39
inflammation events 1-2
1. tissue damaged by an external factor, damaged cells release prostaglandins & undergo necrosis that triggers inflammatory response
2. mast cells release histamine in response to changes in local environment and trigger vasodilation
40
vasodilation
smooth muscle cells in local blood vessels dilate resulting in an acceleration of blood flow to the area
41
inflammation events 3-4
3. endothelial cells of blood cells of the blood vessels become leaky & plasma enters the wound delivering leukocytes & clotting proteins to the wound
4. a clot forms around the injury isolating the site, phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils & macrophages) engulfed pathogens and cell debris
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inflammation events 5-6
5. fibroblasts migrate to the wound and are stimulated to secrete collagen to form a fiber scar to reinforce the clot and begin repair
6. the damaged tissue is repaired/replaced depending on the injury & type of tissue
43
regeneration
replacement of collagen with original tissue type, the repair will not be visible
44
fibrosis
visible scar of collagen, tissue is completely replaced by a dense collagen patch, tissue type function is lost at the site of the scar
45
tissues
collection of specialized cells that perform specific function
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histology
study of cells
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4 major tissue types
1. epithelium "covering"-surfaces, linings, glands
2. connective "support"- fill up space, structure, strength, transport, storage
3. muscle tissue "movement"
4. nervous tissue "control"- transmit info
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primary germ layers
embryonic layers, give rise to all four tissue types in adult
49
ectoderm
nervous, epithelial (dermis)
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mesoderm
-muscle, connective, epithelial
-endothelium(blood vessels) + mesothelium(membranes) line cavities
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endoderm
epithelial (mucosa)
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epithelia
covering
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glands
provide fluid secretions
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cellularity (feature of epithelium)
little extracellular matrix, mostly cells
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contacts (feature of epithelium)
cells linked by strong junctions
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polarity (feature of epithelium)
apical + basal surfaces, separate functions
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attachment (feature of epithelium)
attached to C.T. via basal lamina
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avascularity (feature of epithelium)
diffusion from connective tissue
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regeneration (feature of epithelium)
high turnover, stem cells at basal surface
60
functions of epithelium tissue
1. provide physical protection: abrasion, dehydration, infection
2. control permeability: semi-permeable, covers all surfaces
3. provide sensation: sensory neurons
4. produce specialized secretions: glandular, protection, hormones
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apical surface (structure of epithelium)
exposed to the environment and may have microvilli (absorption or secretion) & cilia (fluid movement)
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basolateral surface (structure of epithelium)
attachment to neighboring cells via intercellular connections
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basal lamina (basement membrane)
-thin layers of a specialized extracellular matrix that form the supporting structure on which epithelial & endothelial cells grow
-contain lamina lucida & lamina dense
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lamina lucida
from epithelia glycoproteins + fine filaments restrict large molecule movement
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lamina densa
from connective tissue coarse protein fibers provide strength
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what is the classification of epithelium based on?
-shape and layers
-all shapes are hexagonal
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squamous shape of epithelium
flat, disc-shaped nucleus
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cuboidal shape of epithelium
cube, center round nuclues
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columnar shape of epithelium
tall, basal oval nucleus
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layers of epithelium tissue
1. simple: one-cell layer
-absorption, secretion, filtration
2. stratified: 2 or more
-protection
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simple squamous epithelium
-thin, delicate
-in protected regions
-functions of absorption, diffusion, filtration & secretion
-locations: mesothelium (serosa), endothelium (blood vessels, heart), kidney tubules, conjunctiva, alveoli of lungs
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stratified squamous epithelium
-basal cells look cuboidal, apical cells squamous
-on exposed surfaces
-two types: kertainzed & nonkertainzed
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nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-mucous
-kept moist
-all cells nucleated
-locations: vagina, anus, mouth, esophagus
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keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-epidermis
-dry, apical cells dead
-cells contain keratin protein to resist dehydration
-protects from abrasion, pathogens, chemicals
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simple cuboidal epithelium
-locations: kidney tubules, pancreas, salivary gland, thyroid
-functions: secretion or absorption
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stratifies cuboidal epithelium
-rare
-typically 2 layers
-locations: some sweat & mammary glands
-functions: secretion or absorption
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transitional epithelium
-relaxed: looks stratified cuboidal
-stretched: looks squamous
-locations: urinary bladder & uterus
-functions: tolerate excessive stretching
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simple columnar epithelium
-nuclei line up near basal lamina
-apical surface of cells often has microvilli
-goblet cells often present mucus
-locations: stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, collecting ducts of kidneys
-functions: absorption or secretion
80
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-several cell types, varying shapes & function
-all cells contact basal lamina
-some too short to reach apical surface
-nuclei scattered so it appears stratified
-tall cells have cilia on apical surface
-goblet cells (mucus) often present
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location & functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-locations: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, male reproductive tract, female uterine tubes
-functions: moving materials across surface
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stratified columnar epithelium
-rare
-2 layers or multiple layers with only apical layer columnar
-locations: pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary & salivary glands, urethra
-function: minor protection
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glandular epithelium
for secretions and make up glands
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endocrine glands
-internally secreting" secrete into interstitial fluid -> blood, secretions = hormones, regulate/coordinate activities
-ex: pancreas, thyroid, thymus, pituitary
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exocrine glands
-"external secreting"
-secrete into duct -> epithelial surface
-ex: digestive enzymes, perspiration, tears, milk, mucus
-classified in three ways: mode of secretion, type of secretion & structure
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merocrine secretion (mode of exocrine glands)
-product released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis
-ex: mucus, sweat
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apricot secretion (mode of exocrine glands)
-product accumulates in vesicles
-apical region of the cell with vesicles is shed to release product
-ex: milk
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holocrine secretion (mode of exocrine glands)
-production accumulates in vesicles
-whole cell is lysed to release product
-cell dies, must be replaced by stem cells
-ex: sebum (skin cell)
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serous glands (type of secretions of exocrine glands)
-water + enzymes
-parotid salivary gland
90
mixed exocrine glands (type)
-serous + mucus secretion
-submandibular salivary gland
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mucus glands (type of secretions of exocrine glands)
-mucin (+water = mucus)
-ex: goblet cells
92
unicellular gland (structure of glands)
-1 cell
-goblet cells
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multicellular gland (structure of glands)
group of cells named for shape/structure
94
connective tissue
-features: never exposed to environment, usually vascularized, consists of cell-matrix
-components: ground substance, specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers
95
specialized cells (connective tissue)
produce matrix, provide protection
96
extracellular protein fibers
support, strength
97
ground substance
gel fluid consists of interstitial fluid, CAMs & GAGs (glycosaminoglycans proteoglycans that gel)
98
matrix of connective tissue
fibers + ground substance
99
functions of connective tissue
1. establish a structural framework
2. transport fluid and dissolved materials
3. protect organs
4. support, surround, interconnect tissues
5. store energy reserves
6.insulate body
7. defend against pathogens
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what is the classification of connective tissue based on?
on physical properties
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connective tissue proper
many cells/types/ fiber types in thick ground substance
102
loose connective tissue
open fiber framework
103
dense connective tissue
tightly packed fibers
104
fluid connective tissue
-many cell types in a watery matrix with soluble fibers
-ex: blood
105
supporting connective tissue
-limited cell population in tightly packed matrix
-cartilage, bone
106
embryotic connective tissue
mesenchymal cells in a gelatinous matrix with fine fibers
107
connective tissue proper (embryonic C.T.)
-viscous ground substance
-varied extracellular fibers
-varied cell population
108
ground substance (embroynic C.T.)
-rich in GAGs
-viscous
-prevents microbe penetration
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collagen fibers (collagen fibers)
-rope-like, long, straight
-resist force
-most common
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stroma
framework of an organ
111
parenchyma
functional cells of an organ
112
elastic fibers (elastin protein)
-wavy, flexible
-designed to stretch
-cell types include chondrocytes (cartilage), osteocytes (bone)
113
fibroblasts
-most common & abundant form of elastic fibers
-secrete ground substance: hyaluronan + proteins = GAGs
-secrete fiber proteins (collagen & elastin)
114
mesenchymal cells
-stem cells
-differentiate to replace C.T. cells after injury (fibroblasts, adipocytes)
115
adipocytes (fat cells)
-stores triglycerides
-organelles pushed to periphery
-number, size & location vary
116
macrophages
-phagocytic for defense
-some fixed in tissues
-other migrate from blood to tissues after injury
117
microphages
-neutrophils & eosinophils
-phagocytic
-migrate from blood to site of injury
118
lymphocytes
-B & T
-involved in immune response
-make antibodies: attack foreign cells
-increase in # during infection
-constantly migrate between blood, tissues & lymphs
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loose connective tissue
-highly vascularized
-varied cell types
-functions: fill space, cushion/support tissues, store fat & feed epithelial layers
120
areolar connective tissue
-most common
-least specialized
-open framework: matrix mostly ground substance
-all fiber types
-locations: deep to epithelium
-functions: reservoir for water & salts, absorbs shock & distortion, fills space, feeds epithelium
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adipose tissue
-90 % adipocytes
-locations: deep to skin & surrounding eyeballs, kidneys & heart
-functions: padding/insulation & energy storage
-two types: white & brown fat
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white fat
adults, triglyceride storage
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brown fat
infants, high mitochondria content for heat generation
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reticular tissue
-stroma of organs
-consists of reticular fibers
-location: some organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver)
-function: support parenchyma cells
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dense connective tissue
-poorly vascularized
-mostly fibers, little ground substance
-only fibroblasts
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dense irregular connective tissue
-bundles of parallel collagen fibers, aligned with the direction of force
-locations: tendons, ligaments & muscle coverings
-functions: high strength attachment & stabilize positions
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dense irregular connective tissue
-mesh of collagen fibers
-locations: capsules of organs & fascia, periosteum (sheath around bone), perichondrium (around cartilage) & dermis
-functions: resist tension from any direction & attachment
128
elastic connective tissue
-mostly elastic fibers, some collagen
-locations: vertebral ligaments & artery walls
-function: strength with stretch & flex
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fluid connective tissue
-blood
-matrix= plasma: serum (fluid) + plasma proteins (produced by liver), fibers are soluble until clot forms
-cells= formed elements
-originate from a hemocytoblast (stem cell) in bone marrow
-location: blood vessels
-functions: transport nutrients, wastes & defense cells throughout body
130
erythrocytes (RBCs)
carry oxygen
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leukocytes (WBCs)
-defense
-neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils
-lymphocytes (B & T cells)
-monocytes (marophages)
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platelets
carry clotting fibers
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lymph
-matrix= lymph (recollected plasma fluid)
-cells= lymphocytes (immune defense)
-location: contained in lymphatic vessels
-function: purify & return fluid to blood
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supporting connective tissue
-strong framework, few cells, fibrous matrix
-function: support & shape
-matrix cells in lacunae
135
cartilage
-matrix: 80% water, firm gel of GAGs made of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, + fibers
-cells: chondrocytes (in lacunae & formed in matrix)
-structure: no innervation, avascular(antiangiogenesis factor), surrounded by perichondrium
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perichondrium
-outer layer: dense irregular C.T. protection & attachment
-inner layer: cellular (fibroblasts) growth & repair
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interstitial growth(embryo) of cartilage
-chondroblasts in matrix divide
-daughters produce more matrix
-mature cells = chondrocytes
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appositional growth (children, minor repair in adults) of cartilage
new layers added by cells of inner perichondrium
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serious injury of cartilage
scar, carnage replaced by fibrous collagen
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hyaline cartilage
-matrix contains fine, closely packed collagen fibers
-tough & springy
-locations: ribs, nose, respiratory text & articular surfaces (no perichondrium)
-function: provide stiff flexible support & reduce friction between bones
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elastic cartilage
-matrix contains elastic fibers
-flexible
-locations: auricle if ear & epiglottis
-function: resilient, flexible, shape-holding, support
142
fibrocartilage
-matrix contains dense interwoven collagen fibers with little ground substance
-tough/durable
-locations: knee (meniscus), pubic symphysis & intervertebral discs
-functions: resist compression & absorb shock
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bone/osseous tissue
-high vascularized
-little ground substance
-matrix= 2/3 calcium salts for strength (calcium phosphate + calcium carbonate), 1/3 collagen for flexibility to resist shatter
-cells= osteocytes
-location: bones
-functions: support & protection, levers for movement & storage of minerals
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osteocytes
-located in a lacunae
-connected by cytoplasmic extensions that extend through canaliculi
-canaliculi necessary for nutrient/waste exchange, no diffusion for calcium
-surrounded by periosteum: a. outer fibrous layer for attachment
b. inner cellular layer for growth & repair
145
fascia (special connective tissue structure)
-connective tissue that provides a framework to connect organs of the body
-functions: provide strength & stability, maintain the position of the organs & anchor blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves
-three layers: superficial, deep & subserous
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superficial fascia
-located between cutaneous membrane & organs
-composed of areolar C.T. & adipose
-subcutaneous layer/hypodermis
-functions to provide insulation & padding
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deep fascia
-forms strong framework for dense C.T.
-creates capsules around organs, binds capsules, tendons, ligaments, to hold tissues together
-functions to resist force & anchor positions of organs
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subserous fascia
-between serous membrane & deep fascia
-composed of areolar C.T.
-functions to prevent distortion of organs by muscles
149
membranes (special connective tissue structure)
typically epithelium + support C.T.
150
serous membranes/serosa
-mesothelium + areolar connective tissue called lamina propria
-lines body cavities to reduce friction (pleura, peritoneum, pericardium)
-parietal layer lines cavity, visceral layer around organ
-epithelium kept moist by serous fluid/transudate
151
mucous membranes/mucosa
-epithelium + areolar connective tissue
called lamina propria
-line passageways that connect to external
environment
-epithelium kept moist with mucus secretions
152
cutaneous membrane
-epidermis + dermis = skin
-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium + areolar and dense irregular connective tissue
-only dry membrane
153
synovial membrane
-areolar connective tissue with woven collagen, proteoglycans & glycoproteins in matrix
-lines joint capsules
-produces synovial fluid to reduce friction of articular cartilage
-only membrane with no epithelium
154
muscle tissue
-function: produce movement
-features: highly vascularized & contains actin and myosin for contraction
-types: skeletal, smooth & cardiac
155
skeletal muscle (striated voluntary muscle)
-cells= fibers
-up to 1ft long
-multinuclear, no cell division
-appear striated: actin & myosin organization myofibrils
-some satellite cells (stem cells) for minor repair after injury
-location: skeletal muscle
-functions: move skeleton, guard entrances and exits & generate heat
156
cardiac muscle (striated involuntary muscle)
-cells=cardiocytes
-long, branched
-no cell division
-striated
-neighboring cells connected by intercalated disc
-location: majority of heart
-function: move blood through body
-desmosomes & cement provide tight linkage of neighboring cells
-gap junction allow exchange of ions to coordinate contraction
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intercalated disc
desmosomes + intercellular cement + gap junction
158
smooth muscle (nonstriated involuntary muscle)
-cells small, spindle-shaped
-unicellular
-capable of cell division
-no striation(no myofibril organization)
-locations: walls of blood vessels, walls of hollow organs (digestive, respiratory, urinary & reproductive tracts)
-functions: move materials through organ
159
nervous tissue
-function to conduct nervous impulses to relay info.
-location: most in brain/spinal cord: CNS & 2% in PNS
-cells: neuroglia & neurons
160
neuroglia cells
support, repair & supply nutrients to nervous tissue
161
neurons
-transmit info.
-large soma (cell body)
-large nucleus, visible nuclei
-many dendrites: receive info.
-one axon: transmit info.
-no cell division
162
inflammation
-prevent spread of injury/infections
-characterized by: swelling, redness, warmth & pain
-process to remove necrotic cells & infectious agents
163
metaplasia
more serious changes, abnormal division of stem cells (reversible)
164
anaplasia
breakdown of tissue organization, genetic abnormalities of stem cells (irreversible)
165
cancer
uncontrolled growth
