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AP Chem > Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Strong Acids

A

HCl
HI
HBr
HNO3
H2SO4
HClO4

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2
Q

Define Solute

A

Thing being dissolved (ex. Table salt)

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3
Q

Define Solvent

A

Thing doing the dissolving (ex. Water)

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4
Q

Define Miscibility

A

The ability of substances to form a homogenous mixture (ex. Sugar water)

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5
Q

Define Solution

A

A homogenous mixture of solvent and solute

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6
Q

Define Precipitate

A

A solid product of a chemical reaction in a solution

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7
Q

What 4 gases commonly form in chemical reactions? What forms them?

A

CO2 (H2CO3)
SO2 (H2SO4)
NH3 (NH4O4)
H2S (Not Applicable)

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8
Q

What oxides form acids in water (oxide + H2O —> acid)? What oxides form bases? What kind of reaction is this?

A

Acids - Nonmetal oxides
Bases - Metallic oxides
Reaction - Synthesis
(ex. CO2 + H2O —-> H2CO3)

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9
Q

What makes NH3 and NH4 special?

A

Despite not having a hydroxide or beginning with a hydrogen, NH3/ammonia is a weak base and NH4/ammonium is a weak acid (straddling the middle between acid and base)

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10
Q

What type of oxides form bases in water? What type of oxides form acids in water?

A

Metal oxides in H2O form hydroxides, nonmetal oxides form acids (ex. CaO + H2O –> Ca(OH)2)

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11
Q

What makes a compound soluble? (outdated, skip this)

A

Mnemonic: GANC SABIC
1. Group IA
2. Acetates
3. Nitrates
4. Chlorates

  1. Sulfates
  2. Ammonium
  3. Bromides
  4. Iodides
  5. Chlorides
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12
Q

What are the exceptions to GANC SABIC? (not needed, you will have solubility sheet)

A

Mnemonic: PMS (corresponds to S and G or Sulfates and group 17) in soluble mnemonic) and Castro Bear (corresponds to S or Sulfates)
1. Pb (lead)
2. Mercury
3. Silver

  1. Ca
  2. Sr
  3. Ba
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13
Q

What else (see PMS and Castro Bear mnemonic cards) makes a compound insoluble? (also not needed, you will have solubility sheet)

A

Mnemonic: PC MoMhS

  1. Phosphates
  2. Carbonates
  3. Metallic oxides
  4. Metallic hydroxides (in addition to exceptions of NH4 and Group IA to be soluble, exception from IIA from Calcium down)
  5. Sulfides (exception including IIA)
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14
Q

name the diatomics. ig. or smth. ong. fr. truth. not hyperbole. fax.

A

H2
N2
O2
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
(the big ol 7 starting at N (don’t forget the H way outside the 7 though))

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15
Q

What types of elements color a solution when dissolved?

A

Transition metals

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16
Q

What happens when an acid and carbonate react?

A

H2O and CO2 are formed

17
Q

Name and define the different types of separation (looking back this might not be very necessary)

A
  1. Sieving: Separation by size for heterogenous mixtures
  2. Sedimentation: Insoluble particles separate from the fluid layer
  3. Decantation: Fluid layer above denser insoluble solution is poured off from the top (not sure if you need to know this one)
  4. Centrifugation: Solids and liquids or liquids and immiscible liquids separated by density via spinning
  5. Magnetism: Magnetic substances separated from nonmagnetic substance by magnets (crazy and quirky)
  6. Distillation: Liquids w/different boiling points, boil one liquid off
18
Q

Why is water such a good solvent?

A

Water is a polarized molecule with the electrons being pulled most heavily towards the oxygen atom, which, when added to the v-shape, creates a positive and negative end even though it should be neutral by charges alone

Thus, water can pull apart negative and positive ions

19
Q

What is hydration?

A

Water pulling apart molecules (sometimes ionic, sometimes not) with the anions attracted to the hydrogen end and cations attracted to the oxygen man

This is what (aq) means, the molecule in question is hydrated, and that’s why strong acids and bases (OH is also polar) and all that strong stuff is soluble w/the aq

20
Q

Define equivalence point/stoichiometric point:

A

Point where an indicator substance changes color, with the equivalence point showing that enough titrant has been added to react entirely with the analyte, and enough indicator has been added to show this by changing color at the endpoint

21
Q

What is Oxidation? What is Reduction? (OIL RIG)

A

Oxidation - Loss of electrons via a redox reaction
Reduction - Element gains an electron via redox reaction

22
Q

What is an endpoint? An indicator? Equivalence/stoichiometric points?

A

Endpoint - where an indicator changes color
Indicator - Substance added into an analyte early in the reaction, changes color (ideally) when analyte is titrated/reacted fully
Equivalence point - Where substance is fully reacted

23
Q

what is a molarity

A

moles/liter

24
Q

define strong, weak, and non electrolytes

A

Strong electrolytes dissociate 100% in water, weak electrolytes do it weAkly (omg rlly), nonelectrolytes don’t do it

25
Q

dilution equation

A

m1v1=m2v2

26
Q

What is always a product of an acid-base reaction?

A

H2O

27
Q

Define titrant

A

Solution of known concentration being delivered via buret

28
Q

Define analyte

A

Solution being titrated/analyzed

29
Q

Steps to balancing a redox reaction (non-basic): (ex. Ce4+(aq) + Sn2+(aq) —-> Ce3+(aq) + Sn4+(aq))

A
  1. Balance elements like a normal equation except for Hydrogen and Oxygen
  2. Split equation into reduction and oxidation halves
  3. Balance Oxygens using H2O
  4. Balance Hydrogens using H+
  5. Balance charges using electrons
  6. Add reactant sides of both equations and product sides of both equations, cancelling out stuff that exists on both sides at once
30
Q

Steps to balancing basic redox reaction: (see non-basic redox reaction first)

A
  1. Do non-basic redox steps
  2. Add OH- ions on both sides to eliminate H+ ions, turning them into water molecules
31
Q

electron donor/reducing agent

A

loses electrons, therefore reduces something

32
Q

when diluting something and determining how much water is required for dilution…

A

always remember to subtract the volume of the original undiluted solution from the total found by m1v1=m2v2

33
Q

when looking at a graph of concentration, the best point of determining concentration of a desired substance…

A

is the peak of the substance’s concentration

34
Q

would the mn2+ ion have the same location on the periodic table as mn? why?

A

yes, because the table works on atomic number/anount of protons, not electrons

AP Chem (17 decks)

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