Chapter 4: Water Flashcards
1
Q
Water
- explain structure
A
Polar nature gives it a v shape; positive hydrogen atoms and negative oxygen atoms
2
Q
Describe the water content of the human body
A
- 60-70% of the body is water by weight
intracellular: 2/3 - A cell’s cytoplasm is 80% water; water in cytoplasm accounts for the majority of the body’s water
extracellular: 1/3 - blood, around joints, lining tissues around lungs, lymph, between cells
3
Q
fill in the blank: blood is ___ water
A
90%
4
Q
Explain how water is exchanged between the extracellular space and the blood (2)
A
- Osmosis: movement of water across semi permeable membranes to even out concentration differences
- blood pressure: force pushes water out of blood and into the extracellular space
5
Q
List the functions of water (6)
A
- structure
- solvent
- hydrolysis
- defence from infection
- protection from injury
- temperature regulation
6
Q
Explain how water provides structure
A
- Gives cells 3 dimensional shape to function properly with water pressure
- Synovial fluid in sacs between joints promote joint structure and allow bones to glide by each other more fluidly
- Fluid in eye gives it structure
7
Q
Explain how water serves as a solvent
A
- Dissolves polar substances allowing them to be more easily transported around body through a medium into passageways (digestive tract or blood vessels)
- Compatible reactants dissolved in water have an increased chance of them colliding and undergoing a chemical reaction
8
Q
Explain water’s role in hydrolysis
A
- Process of splitting larger molecules into smaller ones using water
- Example: maltose → 2 glucose molecules
9
Q
Explain water’s role in defence from infection (2)
A
- Infectious agents are moved to the lymph where immune cells act on them
- Mucus traps and gathers pathogens for removal
10
Q
Explain water’s role in injury protection
A
- Reduces the friction and damage from movement or trauma
- Water in synovial fluid prevents bones from scraping against each other
- Mucus protects tissues from injuries
- Cerebrospinal fluid protects brain from various forces
11
Q
Explain water’s role in temperature regulation
A
- Internal temperature for proper function: 37degC
- Body opens blood vessels near skin to allow blood to shunt heat from the body’s core to the skins surface . This triggers the sweat response. Also contributes to the observable redness of our skin when exercising
- Sweating: released water on skins surface cools our bodies and skin as it evaporates
12
Q
What are ways we lose water (3) and gain water (3)
A
lose: urine, feces, evaporation
gain: beverages, foods, metabolic processes (hydrolysis)
13
Q
What 2 mechanisms come to play when blood volume decreases
A
- Thirst increases
- Kidneys gatekeep what stays in blood and is excreted in urine
(High blood volume → excess water is excreted in kidneys)
(Low blood volume + pressure → kidneys decrease urine production)
14
Q
Dehydration
- symptoms
- what does chronic dehydration put you at risk for?
A
- symptoms: increased thirst, dry mouth, headaches, fatigue, dizziness, irritability, dark urine
- kidney disease, seizures, hypovolemic shock
15
Q
Water intoxication
- what
- hyponatremia
- symptoms
A
- Content of water in body is too high with respect to the level of electrolytes
- Occurs when you consume too much water too fast or when you lose alot of water from sweating, diarrhea or vomiting and only replace it with more water (need electrolytes!)
- Hyponatremia: too much water in relation to sodium in the body
- Symptoms: headache, confusion, personality changes, irritability, drowsiness, malfunction of the CNS, increased risk for seizures, brain damage, coma, death
16
Q
Fill in the blank: Water loss of _____ of body weight can lead to death
A
10-20%
17
Q
List some diuretics
A
- water pills
- caffeine
- alcohol
18
Q
Explain how water pills are a diuretic and when they’re prescribed
A
- Aka water pills; prescribed for high blood pressure, kidney stones, tissue swelling
- Promote sodium excretion and therefore water excretion
19
Q
Caffeine
- effects
- diuretic effect risk
- benefits
A
- Promotes alertness, reduce fatigue and drowsiness
- Diuretic side effect of caffeine may increase risk for miscarriage and kidney problems
- Contains antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
- Meta analysis review found that coffee probably reduced to decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, parkinson’s disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers
20
Q
Alcohol
- risks
- benefits
- kcal/g
A
- Risks: increases risk of liver cirrhosis, liver cancers, digestive cancers, confusion, dementia
- Drinking alcohol impairs the absorption of several micronutrients
- Light to moderate consumption of alcohol may reduce risk of cardiovascular disease
- Provides 7kcal/g
21
Q
Factors that affect level of intoxication
A
- How much consumed
- How quickly the alcohol is absorbed (fizzy drinks and empty stomachs)
- Size of the individual
- Gender
- Genetic factors
- Type of alcohol consumed
- Menstruation cycle
22
Q
How is alcohol metabolized? list the pathway
A
- 90% of alcohol is metabolized and eliminated at the liver; enzymes at play: alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase
- see google doc
23
Q
Hangovers
- symptoms
- how
A
- Symptoms: vomiting, tiredness, decreased attention, decreased concentration, stomach pain, disturbed sleep
- Presence of congeners, acetaldehyde buildup, and the direct effect of alcohol are likely the cause of hangover symptoms
- congeners (substance added during fermentation process)
24
Q
What are some water recommendations (3)
- AI
A
- Adequate intake (AI): women 2.7L/day and men 3.7L/day
- Look for signs of dehydration: thirst, headache, dark yellow urine
- Replenish water and electrolytes when excessive water is lost through sweating, vomiting, and/or diarrhea
25
Describe the western and indigenous lens on water
```
Western lens
- Important natural resource
- Commodity
- Used for industry, agriculture
- Used by humans as a nutrient
Indigenous lens
- Tied to our existence
- Part of who we are
- Has a life of its own
- Mother life’s blood
```
26
What happened with the Whanganui River
140 year long lobbying effort resulted in the New Zealand river given the same legal rights as humans
27
How is Canada decolonizing water?
- Aim: create a community based water governance system led by indigenous individuals and rooted in Indigenous law
- Example: indigenous led collection of water samples along the Yukon River
