Chapter 40-1 Flashcards
anatomy
biological form
physiology
biological function
convergent evolution
the shape found in vertebrates
fusiform
tapered on both ends (found
o Found in sharks, penguins, dolphins, and seals. This is an example of convergent evolution.
o All these animals are fast swimmers
interstitial fluid
found in spaces between cells in animals
• Link exchange surfaces to body cells
• Enables cells throughout body to obtain nutrients and get rid of wastes
Digestive system
o Main components: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
o Functions: Food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)
Circulatory system
o Main components: heart, blood vessels, blood
o Functions: internal distribution of materials
Respiratory System
o Main components: lung, trachea, other breathing tubes
o Functions: gas exchange (uptake of O2, disposal of CO2)
Immune and Lymphatic system
o Main components: bone marrow, lymph, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels
o Functions: body defense (fighting infections and cancer)
Excretory System
o Main components: kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
o Functions: disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood
Endocrine System
o Main components: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, other hormone-secreting glands
o Functions: coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism)
Reproductive System
o Main components: ovaries or testes etc.
o Function: reproduction
Nervous System
o Main components: brain, spinal chord, nerves, sensory organs
o Function: coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them
Integumentary System
o Main components: skin and its derivatives
o Function: protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation
Skeletal System
o Main components: skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)
o Functions: body support, protection of internal organs, movement
Muscular system
o Main components: skeletal muscles
o Functions: locomotion and other movement
Epithelial tissue
cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities
o Closely packed with tight junctions
o Serve as barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss
o Form interface with the environment
Apical (epithelial tissue)
surface of epithelia that faces the lumen (cavity) or outside of organ
• Is exposed to fluid or air
• Often covered by specialized projections which increase surface area
Basal (epithelial tissue)
surface opposite to apical
stratified squamous epithelium
- Multilayered
- Regenerates rapidly
- Found on surfaces subject to abrasion (outer skin, lining of mount, anus, and vagina)
cuboidal epithelium
- Dice-shaped cells
- Specialized for secretion
- Makes up epithelium of kidney tubules and salivary, thyroid glands etc.
simple columnar epithelium
- Large, brick-shaped
- Specialized for secretion and absorption
- Found in intestines
- Secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients
simple squamous epithelium
- Single layer
- Plate-like cells
- Functions in exchange of material by diffusion (of nutrients and gases)
- Thin and leaky
- Lines blood vessels and air sacs of lungs
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Single layer
- Cells vary in height and position of their nuclei
- Forms mucous membrane that lines portions of respiratory tract
- Beating cilia sweep film of mucus along the surface
