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General Biology 1 > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

biological FORM of an organism

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2
Q

Physiology

A

biological FUNCTIONS of an organism

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3
Q

What are the animal physical laws?

A

govern certain traits of animals: strength, diffusion rates, movement, heat exchange

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4
Q

What does an organism exchange with its environment?

A

Nutrients, waste products, gases

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5
Q

How do organisms exchange with the environment?

A

Being single celled (sufficient surface area) and having thin body walls (to facilitate diffusion)

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6
Q

How are nutrients distributed in organisms?

A

Circulatory system

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7
Q

What are adaptations that allow exchange of materials with the environment?

A

Extensive branching or folded structures, interstitial fluid

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8
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid between cells

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9
Q

What the systems of distribution within the organism?

A

Digestive, circulatory, and respiratory system

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10
Q

What are the main categories of tissue?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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11
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body

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12
Q

What are the cell shapes of epithelial cells?

A

cubodial, columnar, squamous

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13
Q

What are the different arrangements of epithelial cells?

A

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

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14
Q

Is epithelial tissue polar or nonpolar?

A

polar

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15
Q

What is the side of epithelial cell that faces the exterior?

A

apical surface

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16
Q

What is the side of the epithelial cell that faces the interior?

A

basal surface

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17
Q

Connective tissue

A

binds and supports other tissues

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18
Q

What are the major types of connective tissue?

A

Loose, fibrous, bone, adipose, blood, cartilage

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19
Q

What are the connective tissue fibers?

A

collagenous, reticular, elastic

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20
Q

What are the cells within connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts and macrophages

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21
Q

Muscle tissue

A

responsible for almost all types of body movement

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22
Q

What are the muscle cells?

A

actin and myosin

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23
Q

What are the muscle types?

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

24
Q

Nervous tissue

A

receives, processes, and transmits information

25
Q

Why do we need coordination and control?

A

maintains homeostasis, performs bodily functions, in a regulated way, controls voluntary movements and functions

26
Q

What systems do coordination and control depend on?

A

endocrine and nervous system

27
Q

Regulator

A

Uses internal controls to change their internal environment when the external environment fluctuates

28
Q

Conformer

A

Allows their internal environment to fluctuate with the external environment

29
Q

Set point

A

moving above or below serves as a stimulus (ex: room temperature)

30
Q

Acclimatization

A

adjusting to the external environment (ex: circadian rhythm)

31
Q

Thermoregulation

A

process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

32
Q

Endothermic animals

A

generate heat through METABOLISM

33
Q

Ectothermic animals

A

gain heat from EXTERNAL SOURCES

34
Q

Poikilotherm

A

body temperature varies because it changes with its environment

35
Q

Homeotherm

A

body temperature is relatively constant

36
Q

How do animals maintain body temp?

A

Radiation of heat, evaporative cooling, convection, conduction

37
Q

How is heat regulated?

A

integumentary system

38
Q

Integumentary system

A

outer covering of the body

39
Q

What adaptations help animals thermoregulate?

A

insulation, circulatory adaptations, cooling by evaporative heat loss, behavior responses, adjusting metabolic heat production

40
Q

What controls thermoregulation in mammals?

A

hypothalamus

41
Q

Fever

A

increase in normal range for biological thermostat

42
Q

What responses occur to cold temperature?

A

vasoconstriction, shivering, piloerection, curling up

43
Q

What responses occur to hot temperature?

A

vasodilation, sweating, pilorelaxation, stretching out

44
Q

What are energy requirements related to?

A

size, activity level, environment

45
Q

Autotrophs

A

self feeders; harness light energy to build energy-rich molecules; organisms doing photosynthesis

46
Q

Heterotrophs

A

other feeders; harvest chemical energy from food; organisms eating animals

47
Q

What does biosynthesis do?

A

body growth, body repair, synthesis of storage materials like fat, production of gametes

48
Q

Metabolic rate

A

amount of energy an animal uses in unit of time

49
Q

What is metabolic rate determined by?

A

Heat loss, amount of oxygen consumed/CO2 lost, measuring amount of energy consumed/lost

50
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

metabolic rate of an ENDOTHERM at rest at a “comfortable” temperature

51
Q

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)

A

metabolic rate of an ECTOTHERM at rest at a specific temperature

52
Q

What factors affect metabolic rate?

A

Size, age, sex, activity level, temperature, nutrition

53
Q

Torpor

A

physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases

54
Q

What are types of torpor?

A

hibernation, estivation, daily torpor

55
Q

Hibernation

A

form of long term torpor; adaptation to cold WINTERS and food scarcity

56
Q

Estivation

A

SUMMER torpor; enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water

57
Q

Daily torpor

A

adapted to feeding patterns; small mammals and birds

General Biology 1 (3 decks)

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