chapter 40: basic principles of animal form and function Flashcards
(44 cards)
What is physiology?
study of biological functions an organism performs
What are the characteristics of direct exchange between cells and their environment?
rate of change is proportional to a cells surface area
amount of exchange material is proportional to cells volume.
What is interstitial fluid and where is it found?
found in vertebrates, its the space between cells that allows the movement in and out of cells.
What are the four categories that tissues are classified into?
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
What is the purpose of epithelial tissue and what is its shape?
- covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within body.
- it can be shaped cuboidal, columnar or squamous
What is the purpose of connective tissues?
binds and supports other tissues, it has packed cells scattered throughout matrix.
What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?
- collagenous fibers: strength and flexibility
- elastic fibers: stretch and snap back to original length
- resticular fibers: join connective tissues to adjacent tissues
What are two main cells seen in connective tissues?
- fibroblasts: secretes protein of extracelullar fibers
- macrophages: involved in the immune system
What are the six major types of connective tissues?
- loose connective tissue
- fibrous connective tissue
- bone
- adipose tissue
- cartilage
- blood
What is muscle cells consists of what?
consists of filaments of the proteins actin and myosin which together enable muscle to contract in response to nerve signals
What are the three types of muscle tissues?
- skeletal muscle
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle /
What do nervous tissue contain?
- neurons, nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses
- glial cells or glia that help nourish, insulate and replenish neurons
What does control and contribution within a body depend on?
endocrine system and nervous system
What is the endocrine responsible for?
- transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout body via blood.
- a hormone can affect one or more regions throughout the body
- hormones relatively slow acting however can have long-lasting effects
What is the nervous system responsible for?
- it transmits information between specific locations
- information conveyed depends on a signal pathway not the type of signal
- nerve signal transmission is very fast
What are regulators?
use internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation
What are conformers?
allow their internal condition to vary with certin external changes
What is the mechanism of homeostasis?
for a given variable, fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a stimulus, these are detected by a sensor and trigger a response.
What is negative feedback?
returns a variable to a normal range
What is positive feedback?
amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals
What is acclimation?
adjustment to a single environmental factor
What is acclimatization?
adjustment to multiple factors.
What is thermoregulation?
the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
What are the characteristics of endothermic animals?
- they generate heat by metabolism (birds and mammals)
- they can maintain a stable body temperature even in the face of large fluctuations in environmental temperature
