Chapter 41 Flashcards by Katelyn Odom

More than breathing. It includes the activities that bring oxygen to the cells. Sequence of events results in exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and body cells.

Respiration

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Primarily involved in moving gases in and out of the lungs. Works with the circulatory system. Provides oxygen to the body, removes waste products of metabolism, and helps regulate pH of the blood

Respiratory system

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Breathing is stimulated by nerve impulses, for how many seconds? Nerve impulses stimulate breathing process known as what?

3-5 seconds
Ventilation

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Moves air through a series of passages into and out of lungs.

Ventilation

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Exchange of gases between lungs and blood

External respiration

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What transports the gases to and from the tissue cells?

Blood

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Exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells

Internal respiration

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The upper respiratory tract includes what? (3)
The lower respiratory tract includes what? (3)

nose, pharynx, and larynx
trachea. bronchial tree, lungs

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Consists of bone and cartilage

Nose

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Interior chamber of the nose.

Nasal cavity

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Divides nose into two parts

Nasal septum

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External nares; openings through which air enters the nasal cavity

Nostrils

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Openings from the nasal cavity into the pharynx

Internal nares

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Separates nasal cavity from oral cavity

Palate

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Anterior portion. Supported by bone.

Hard palate

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Posterior portion. No bony support

Soft palate

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Posterior projection of the soft palate. Helps direct food into oropharynx.

Uvula

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Three bony ridges that project into nasal cavity. Increase surface area of nasal cavity. Warm and moistens the air. Help direct air flow through nasal cavity. Trap dust and other particles in the air. Become trapped in mucous membrane around here

Nasal conchae

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Several air-filled cavities in the bones of the skull

sinuses

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Air-filled cavities in frontal, maxillae, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. Surround nasal cavity and open into it.
Reduce weight of skull, produce mucus, and influence voice quality and act as resonating chambers.

Paranasal sinuses

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What is lined with mucous membrane and produces mucus that drains into nasal cavity?
During infections and allergies, membranes become inflamed and swollen which increases pressure within the sinuses and may result in what?

Paranasal sinuses
sinus headache

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Mucous membrane of nasal cavity. What of this traps microorganisms, dust, and other foreign particles?
Contains what else that propels mucus toward the pharynx, where it is swallowed (the acid in gastric juice destroys most of the microorganisms when mucus is swallowed?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Mucus
Cilia

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What networks under the mucous membrane warm and moisten the air before it reaches respiratory tract?

Capillary

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Throat. Serves both respiratory and digestive systems. Receives air from the nasal cavity. Receives air, food, and water from oral cavity. Opens into larynx and esophagus.

Pharynx

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Posterior to nasal cavity and extends to uvula

Nasopharynx

Posterior to oral cavity

Oropharynx

Most inferior portion of pharynx

Laryngopharynx

Air enters from nasal cavity through what? Then what opens into the nasopharynx and help to equalize the air pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane?

- Internal nares - Auditory tubes (eustachian tubes)

Collections of lymphoid tissue located in the posterior wall of nasopharynx.

Pharyngeal tonsils

Receives air, food, and water from oral cavity. - During swallowing soft palate and uvula move upward preventing material from going into nasopharynx.

Oropharynx

Opening between oral cavity oropharynx. Bordered by masses of lymphoid tissue (tonsils)

Fauces

Located in lateral walls of oropharynx

Palatine tonsils

Located on surface of posterior portion of tongue

Lingual tonsils

What in the pharynx function in immune responses and help prevent infections and are masses of lymphoid tissue?

Tonsils

Commonly called the voice box. Passageway for air between pharynx and trachea. Formed by nine pieces of cartilage and connected to each other by muscles and ligaments

Larynx

Cartilaginous portions of Larynx. Forms a projection in the neck also known as Adam's apple

Thyroid cartilage

Cartilaginous portion of Larynx. Forms the base of the larynx

Cricoid cartilage

Cartilaginous portion of Larynx. Long, leaf-shaped structure. Covers opening into larynx during swallowing. Precents food and water from entering trachea.

Epiglottis

False vocal cords. Upper pair of ligaments. Work with the epiglottis to prevent particles from entering lower respiratory tract.

Vestibular folds

Lower pair of ligaments. Function in sound production. Muscles control length and tension of these-- relaxed during normal breathing. - Length of vocal cords determines pitch of sound. - Force of moving air regulates loudness.

True vocal cords

Opening between the true vocal cords, leads to trachea

Glottis

Windpipe. Consists of a tube that extends from larynx into mediastinum. Divides into right and left bronchi.

Trachea

What is the trachea supported by that holds the trachea open? What is the posterior open part of the C-shaped cartilage closed by?

- 15-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage - Smooth muscle and connective tissue

During swallowing what bulges into the soft part of the trachea?

esophagus

Lines trachea. Produces mucus which traps airborne particles and microorganisms. Contains cilia that propel mucus upward. What is this? Irritation from cigarette smoke and other air pollutants does what to the cilia? Irritation and inflammation of mucous membrane stimulates what reflex?

- Mucous membrane - damages the cilia - cough reflex

Trachea divides into right and left what? After bronchi enter the lungs, they branch several times to form what?

- primary bronchi - bronchial tree

Divide to form secondary (lobar) bronchi. What is this? What does this branch to leading to branching continuing, finally giving rise to bronchioles?

- Primary bronchi - tertiary (segmental) bronchi

Branch into smaller respiratory bronchioles. Lead into microscopic alveolar ducts. What is this? These terminate in clusters of tiny air sacs which are called..?

- Terminal bronchioles - Alveoli

Consist of simple squamous epithelium. Permits rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and blood in capillaries. Occurs across walls of these.

Alveolar ducts and alveoli

Occupy most of space in thoracic cavity. Soft and spongy. Most air spaces surrounded by alveolar cells and elastic connective tissue. Rests on the diaphragm. Extends upward just above midpoint of clavicle. Divided into three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) by two fissures

Lungs

Lungs are separated by what, which contains the heart?

mediastinum

Shorter, broader, greater volume than left lung. Has three lobes

Right lung

Has only two lobes. Longer and narrower than right lung. Located near cardiac notch.

Left lung

Indentation on the medial surface for apex heart. Divided into two lobes by a single fissure

Cardiac notch

Double-layered serous membrane that encloses the lungs.

Pleura

Firmly attaches to surface of lung.

Visceral pleura

Lines the wall of the thorax

Parietal pleura

Small space between the visceral and parietal pleura. Contains a thin film of serous fluid. - Serous fluid acts as a lubricant, reduces friction as the two layers slide against each other.

Pleural cavity

What is known as breathing? - Air flows because of pressure differences between atmosphere and gases inside the lungs What is the normal respiratory rate and what does one breath consist of?

- Pulmonary ventilation -12-20 breaths per minute and consists of one inhalation and on exhalation

Amount of air that exchanges during one cycle of one inhalation and one exhalation varies with what?

- Age - Sex - Size - Physical condition

Process of taking air into the lungs.

Inhalation

Dome-shaped muscle. Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity. What is this? What causes this to drop and increase the size of the thoracic cavity as air flows from outside the body into the lungs?

- Diaphragm - Contraction

Process of letting air out of the lungs. Causes diaphragm to relax and thoracic cavity decreases to its normal size. Air now flows from within the lungs to the outside of the body until the two pressures are equal.

Exhalation

Some air remains in the lungs to keep the alveoli from collapsing. The lungs also make what substance that prevents the surfaces of the alveoli from adhering together? One of the reasons that premature infants may have respiratory difficulty is because their lungs do not yet produce enough of this.

Surfactant

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood (capillaries). Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

External Respiration

Surfaces in the lungs where diffusion occurs. Consists of the following layers. - Thin layer of fluid that lines the alveolus - Simple squamous epithelium in the alveolar wall - Basement membrane of the epithelium - Small interstitial space - Basement membrane of capillary epithelium - Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) of the capillary wall

Respiratory membrane

Exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the blood. Oxygen is given off to the cells. Carbon dioxide is picked up by the blood. Transported as a waste produce to the lungs

Internal Respiration

Consists of groups of neurons located in following regions of brain stem. What is this? What are the groups of neurons located in the brain stem that controls rate and depth of breathing?

- Respiratory Center - Pons - Medulla oblongata

Respiratory center. Impulses sent along phrenic nerve to diaphragm. Cause diaphragm to contract and what results? Inhalation neurons fatigue quickly and quit sending impulses to diaphragm. When muscles of diaphragm relax what occurs? What occurs when there is damage to respiratory center? (2)

- Inhalation results - Exhalation occurs - Impulses cease and breathing stops

Establishes basic rhythm of breathing. Influenced by certain factors which cause variations in rate and depth of breathing.

Respiratory center

In the medulla. Sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide concentrations. In the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Not sensitive to changes in oxygen levels. If carbon dioxide increases, it stimulates respiratory center to increase rate and depth of breathing decrease concentrations back to normal levels.

Chemoreceptors

LEARN: Impulses from higher brain centers may override respiratory center temporarily. Example: voluntarily holding your breath. Can do so for only a limited time. When carbon dioxide levels reach a critical point, impulses from higher brain centers are ignored and respiratory center resumes regular breathing. - Increase in body temperature (.g., fever, strenuous physical exercise) increases breathing rate

Reflexes that clear air passages:

- Sneezing and coughing - Sighing - Hiccupping - Crying - Laughing - Yawning

Aging of the Respiratory System: - Harmful substances inhaled throughout life (harmful substances include cigarette smoke, air pollution, and pathogens) - Difficult to tell which changes are from disease or outside factors - Outside factors possibly cause deterioration of cilia, leading to emphysema and chronic bronchitis - Diminishing immune system: susceptible to pneumonia - There is no way to avoid all irritants except o stop breathing - Modifications in the lining of the respiratory tract probably are caused by environmental rather than solely aging-related factors Person is unable to maintain the same physical activity - Deterioration of the cardiovascular, muscular, and skeletal system also contribute to this - Decreased ability to acquire and delivery oxygen to the blood - Structural changes in the respiratory tissues - Gradual decrease in respiratory volume and capacity - Increase in volume of residual air in lungs

Chapter 41 Flashcards

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